{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T02:59:07Z","timestamp":1790391547232,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Childs Nerv Syst"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Post-haemorrhagic ventricular dilatation (PHVD) is a severe complication of germinal matrix\u2013intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants and is associated with significant morbidity and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. In 2023, national recommendations for PHVD management were revised, but implementation has not been evaluated. We aimed to assess diagnostic and therapeutic practices across Dutch neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), quantify inter-centre variation, and provide a basis for a national PHVD registry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A nationwide, cross-sectional survey was disseminated among representatives from nine Dutch NICUs and seven affiliated paediatric neurosurgical departments. Per centre, one paediatrician and paediatric neurosurgeon reported institutional practices regarding monitoring, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage thresholds, temporising interventions, permanent CSF diversion criteria, follow-up, and research priorities. Practices were compared to the Dutch guideline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All NICUs and neurosurgical centres responded. PHVD case volume varied (&lt;\u20095 patients\/year in 3\/9 centres;\u2009&gt;\u200920 in 1\/9). Diagnostic thresholds were ventricular index\u2009&gt;\u200997th percentile and anterior horn width\u2009&gt;\u20096\u00a0mm in 7\/9 centres, with higher or additional criteria in 2\/9. Initial temporising management consisted of serial lumbar punctures and ventricular access device (VAD) placement. VAD tap duration before permanent diversion was typically 4\u20136\u00a0weeks (6\/7). Ventriculoperitoneal shunting was the preferred permanent intervention in all centres, with weight thresholds of 2.0\u20132.5\u00a0kg.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Following implementation of a national guideline, PHVD management in Dutch NICUs demonstrates high consistency in core diagnostics and treatment principles, showing that national standardisation of PHVD care is feasible. Residual variation is concentrated in areas where evidence remains limited, identifying priorities for future collaborative research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-026-07477-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T13:32:35Z","timestamp":1790343155000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of nationwide variation in post-haemorrhagic ventricular dilatation management following national guideline implementation in the Netherlands"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8579-886X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. P. F.","family":"Bertens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6101-6407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P. A.","family":"Woerdeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7282-8304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L. S.","family":"de Vries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1862-1334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G. E.","family":"van den Bosch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5603-5697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. J.","family":"Steggerda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1183-4775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. K. H.","family":"Spoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4176-9310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L. S.","family":"Smit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7411-5383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D. R.","family":"Buis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3090-8214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. W.","family":"Koot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1579-1952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. W.","family":"Aalbers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3529-2707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H. R.","family":"Jeltema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"van Aalst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6011-2854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N. E.","family":"van der Aa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8304-5399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. L.","family":"Tataranno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4091-3819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L. C.","family":"Weeke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6847-9326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H. J.","family":"ter Horst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8893-3918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T. R.","family":"de Haan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8465-675X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. J.","family":"Vermeulen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0765-929X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K. P.","family":"Dijkman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5847-6886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. M. Mulder-de","family":"Tollenaer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3105-9352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E.","family":"Roze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6407-0863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"O. H. J. Eelkman","family":"Rooda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"7477_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.7.PEDS15140","volume":"17","author":"EA Christian","year":"2000","unstructured":"Christian EA, Jin DL, Attenello F, Wen T, Cen S, Mack WJ et al (2000) Trends in hospitalization of preterm infants with intraventricular hemorrhage and hydrocephalus in the United States, 2000-2010. J Neurosurg Pediatr 17(3):260\u2013269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2015.7.PEDS15140","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"7477_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1067\/S0022-3476(03)00417-7","volume":"143","author":"B Larroque","year":"2003","unstructured":"Larroque B, Marret S, Ancel PY, Arnaud C, Marpeau L, Supernant K et al (2003) White matter damage and intraventricular hemorrhage in very preterm infants: the EPIPAGE study. J Pediatr 143(4):477\u2013483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1067\/S0022-3476(03)00417-7","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"7477_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F37","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.87.1.F37","volume":"87","author":"BP Murphy","year":"2002","unstructured":"Murphy BP, Inder TE, Rooks V, Taylor GA, Anderson NJ, Mogridge N et al (2002) Posthaemorrhagic ventricular dilatation in the premature infant: natural history and predictors of outcome. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 87(1):F37\u2013F41. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/fn.87.1.F37","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"issue":"2","key":"7477_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2018-316664","volume":"105","author":"KT Yeo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yeo KT, Thomas R, Chow SS, Bolisetty S, Haslam R, Tarnow-Mordi W et al (2020) Improving incidence trends of severe intraventricular haemorrhages in preterm infants <32 weeks gestation: a cohort study. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 105(2):145\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/archdischild-2018-316664","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"issue":"7","key":"7477_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073811405382","volume":"26","author":"RA Brumback","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brumback RA (2010) Book\/media review: Govaert P, de Vries LS. An atlas of neonatal brain sonography. 2nd ed. Clinics in developmental medicine 182-183. London, England: Mac Keith Press, 2010. $240.00. ISBN: 978-1-8986-8356-8. J Child Neurol 26(7):924. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0883073811405382","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"7477_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64029-1.00008-4","volume":"162","author":"LM Leijser","year":"2019","unstructured":"Leijser LM, de Vries LS (2019) Preterm brain injury: germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage and post-hemorrhagic ventricular dilatation. Handb Clin Neurol 162:173\u2013199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-444-64029-1.00008-4","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"7477_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2019.08.020","volume":"215","author":"K Lui","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lui K, Lee SK, Kusuda S, Adams M, Vento M, Reichman B et al (2019) Trends in outcomes for neonates born very preterm and very low birth weight in 11 high-income countries. J Pediatr 215:32-40.e14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2019.08.020","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"7477_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(78)80282-0","volume":"92","author":"L-A Papile","year":"1978","unstructured":"Papile L-A, Burstein J, Burstein R, Koffler H (1978) Incidence and evolution of subependymal and intraventricular hemorrhage: a study of infants with birth weights less than 1,500 gm. J Pediatr 92(4):529\u2013534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-3476(78)80282-0","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"8","key":"7477_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlr.0000218780.16064.df","volume":"44","author":"AR Synnes","year":"2006","unstructured":"Synnes AR, Macnab YC, Qiu Z, Ohlsson A, Gustafson P, Dean CB et al (2006) Neonatal intensive care unit characteristics affect the incidence of severe intraventricular hemorrhage. Med Care 44(8):754\u2013759. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.mlr.0000218780.16064.df","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"7477_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.11110334","volume":"262","author":"MJ Brouwer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brouwer MJ, de Vries LS, Groenendaal F, Koopman C, Pistorius LR, Mulder EJH et al (2012) New reference values for the neonatal cerebral ventricles. Radiology 262(1):224\u2013233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.11110334","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"7477_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2020.07.079","volume":"226","author":"M El-Dib","year":"2020","unstructured":"El-Dib M, Limbrick DD Jr, Inder T, Whitelaw A, Kulkarni AV, Warf B et al (2020) Management of post-hemorrhagic ventricular dilatation in the infant born preterm. J Pediatr 226:16-27.e3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2020.07.079","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"7477_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"G. Meijler SJS. Neonatal Cranial Ultrasonography. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-55972-3_14","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-55972-3_14"},{"issue":"2","key":"7477_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-020-01245-0","volume":"90","author":"LM Leijser","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leijser LM, Scott JN, Roychoudhury S, Zein H, Murthy P, Thomas SP et al (2021) Post-hemorrhagic ventricular dilatation: inter-observer reliability of ventricular size measurements in extremely preterm infants. Pediatr Res 90(2):403\u2013410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41390-020-01245-0","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"7477_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.56.12.900","volume":"56","author":"MI Levene","year":"1981","unstructured":"Levene MI (1981) Measurement of the growth of the lateral ventricles in preterm infants with real-time ultrasound. Arch Dis Child 56(12):900\u2013904. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/adc.56.12.900","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"5","key":"7477_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.7.PEDS13552","volume":"14","author":"JY Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang JY, Amin AG, Jallo GI, Ahn ES (2014) Ventricular reservoir versus ventriculosubgaleal shunt for posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus in preterm infants: infection risks and ventriculoperitoneal shunt rate. J Neurosurg Pediatr 14(5):447\u2013454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2014.7.PEDS13552","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"7477_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000216.pub2","volume":"4","author":"A Whitelaw","year":"2017","unstructured":"Whitelaw A, Lee-Kelland R (2017) Repeated lumbar or ventricular punctures in newborns with intraventricular haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD000216.pub2","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"7477_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2020.08.014","volume":"226","author":"MN Cizmeci","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cizmeci MN, Groenendaal F, Liem KD, van Haastert IC, Benavente-Fern\u00e1ndez I, van Straaten HLM et al (2020) Randomized controlled early versus late ventricular intervention study in posthemorrhagic ventricular dilatation: outcome at 2 years. J Pediatr 226:28-35.e3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2020.08.014","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"7477_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.12.062","volume":"208","author":"MN Cizmeci","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cizmeci MN, Khalili N, Claessens NHP, Groenendaal F, Liem KD, Heep A et al (2019) Assessment of brain injury and brain volumes after posthemorrhagic ventricular dilatation: a nested substudy of the randomized controlled ELVIS trial. J Pediatr 208:191\u20137.e2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.12.062","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"7477_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2002.tb01697.x","volume":"91","author":"L de Vries","year":"2002","unstructured":"de Vries L, Liem K, van Dijk K, Smit B, Sie L, Rademaker K et al (2002) Early versus late treatment of posthaemorrhagic ventricular dilatation: results of a retrospective study from five neonatal intensive care units in the Netherlands. Acta Paediatr 91(2):212\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2002.tb01697.x","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"7477_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.01.030","volume":"234","author":"GY Lai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lai GY, Chu-Kwan W, Westcott AB, Kulkarni AV, Drake JM, Lam SK (2021) Timing of temporizing neurosurgical treatment in relation to shunting and neurodevelopmental outcomes in posthemorrhagic ventricular dilatation of prematurity: a meta-analysis. J Pediatr 234:54-64.e20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.01.030","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"7477_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2011.04.011","volume":"15","author":"SA van Zanten","year":"2011","unstructured":"van Zanten SA, de Haan TR, Ursum J, van Sonderen L (2011) Neurodevelopmental outcome of post-hemorrhagic ventricular dilatation at 12 and 24 months corrected age with high-threshold therapy. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 15(6):487\u2013492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejpn.2011.04.011","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"7477_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.3233\/NPM-221071","volume":"15","author":"J Afifi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Afifi J, Leijser LM, de Vries LS, Shah PS, Mitra S, Brouwer MJ et al (2022) Variability in the diagnostic and management practices of post-hemorrhagic ventricular dilatation in very preterm infants across Canadian centers and comparison with European practices. Journal of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine 15(4):721\u2013729. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/NPM-221071","journal-title":"Journal of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"7477_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F50","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2010.207837","volume":"97","author":"AJ Brouwer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brouwer AJ, Brouwer MJ, Groenendaal F, Benders MJ, Whitelaw A, de Vries LS (2012) European perspective on the diagnosis and treatment of posthaemorrhagic ventricular dilatation. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 97(1):F50\u2013F55. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/adc.2010.207837","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"7477_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-026-02595-z","author":"K Coletti","year":"2026","unstructured":"Coletti K, Lee SS, Cohen S, Dizon MLV, Hersh DS, Mietzsch U et al (2026) Post-hemorrhagic ventricular dilatation: comparison of management pathways among North American level IV NICUs. J Perinatol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41372-026-02595-z","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"7477_CR25","unstructured":"Plaisier AS, de Vries S, Faas L, M. N3 aanbeveling (2023) revisie PHVD. Neonatology Network; 2023."},{"key":"7477_CR26","unstructured":"Castor EDC (2019) Castor Electronic Data Capture 2019. Available from: https:\/\/castoredc.com."},{"issue":"2","key":"7477_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.3171\/2025.7.PEDS25167","volume":"37","author":"UW Thomale","year":"2025","unstructured":"Thomale UW, Bogoslovskaia E, Knerlich-Lukoschus F, Akimov A, Spennato P, Auer C et al (2025) Treatment of Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus in Neonates (TROPHY) registry: surgical results from 6-month follow-up data. J Neurosurg Pediatr 37(2):122\u2013132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2025.7.PEDS25167","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"7477_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-025-06769-6","volume":"41","author":"SRM Van Rijen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Van Rijen SRM, Groenendaal F, Han KS, Tataranno ML, Woerdeman PA (2025) Managing hydrocephalus in 54 infants under 3 months of age: a single center cohort study. Childs Nerv Syst 41(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-025-06769-6","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"7477_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shin B, Davies J, Self S, Salehi A, Skar G, McCulloh RJ, et al.\u00a0 (2026) Safety and feasibility of an irrigating external intracranial drain in children. Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics. 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2025.9.PEDS25294","DOI":"10.3171\/2025.9.PEDS25294"},{"issue":"1","key":"7477_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F70","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-314206","volume":"104","author":"LS de Vries","year":"2019","unstructured":"de Vries LS, Groenendaal F, Liem KD, Heep A, Brouwer AJ, van \u2019t Verlaat E et al (2019) Treatment thresholds for intervention in posthaemorrhagic ventricular dilation: a randomised controlled trial. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 104(1):F70\u2013F75. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/archdischild-2017-314206","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"}],"container-title":["Child's Nervous System"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00381-026-07477-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00381-026-07477-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00381-026-07477-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T02:02:05Z","timestamp":1790388125000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00381-026-07477-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7477"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-026-07477-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1433-0350"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1433-0350","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors deemed formal ethical approval not required, as the study was not subject to the Dutch Medical Research Involving Human Subjects Act (WMO), given that it comprised a brief institutional questionnaire, did not influence standard care, and collected no patient data.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Informed consent for participation was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Informed consent for publication was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"375"}}