{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T13:17:19Z","timestamp":1789996639232,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,6]],"date-time":"2015-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1425600000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Surg Int"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-015-3686-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,5]],"date-time":"2015-03-05T16:00:35Z","timestamp":1425571235000},"page":"519-527","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Genetic and environmental factors in the aetiology of hypospadias"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Mathew","family":"George","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Schneuer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarra E.","family":"Jamieson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J. A.","family":"Holland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"3686_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dms002","volume":"18","author":"LF Zanden Van der","year":"2012","unstructured":"Van der Zanden LF, van Rooji IA, Feitz WF, Franke B, Knoers NV, Roeleveld N (2012) Aetiology of hypospadias: a systematic review of genes and environment. Hum Reprod Update 18:260\u2013283","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"3686_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511545757.048","volume-title":"Pediatric Surgery and Urology: long-term outcomes","author":"LS Baskin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Baskin LS (2006) Hypospadias. In: Stringer MD, Oldham KT, Mouriquand PDE (eds) Pediatric Surgery and Urology: long-term outcomes, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 611\u2013620","edition":"2"},{"key":"3686_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.2001.00088.x","volume":"87","author":"JM Gatti","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gatti JM, Krisch AJ, Troyer WA, Perez-Brayfield MR, Smith EA, Scherz HC (2001) Increased incidence of hypospadias in small-for-gestational age infants in a neonatal intensive-care unit. BJU Int 87:548\u2013550","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"3686_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/15.4.944","volume":"15","author":"UB Wennerholm","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wennerholm UB, Bergh C, Hamberger L, Lundin K, Nilsson L, Wikland M, K\u00e4ll\u00e9n B (2000) Incidence of congenital malformations in children born after ICSI. Hum Reprod 15:944\u2013948","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"3686_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1995.tb07812.x","volume":"76","author":"JW Duckett","year":"1995","unstructured":"Duckett JW (1995) The current hype in hypospadiology. Br J Urol 76(Suppl 3):1\u20137","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"3686_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)66823-X","volume":"154","author":"MA Mureau","year":"1995","unstructured":"Mureau MA, Slijper FM, Nijman RJ, van der Meulen JC, Verhulst FC, Slob AK (1995) Psychosexual adjustment of children and adolescents after different types of hypospadias surgery: a norm-related study. J Urol 154:1902\u20131907","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"3686_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(88)80322-1","volume":"23","author":"D Kluth","year":"1988","unstructured":"Kluth D, Lambrecht W, Reich P (1988) Pathogenesis of hypospadias\u2014more questions than answers. J Pediatr Surg 23:1095\u20131101","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"3686_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7262.2007.00243.x","volume":"9","author":"AK Leung","year":"2007","unstructured":"Leung AK, Robson WL (2007) Hypospadias: an update. Asian J Androl 9:16\u201322","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"key":"3686_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)64346-7","volume":"168","author":"M Moreno-Garcia","year":"2002","unstructured":"Moreno-Garcia M, Miranda EB (2002) Chromosomal anomalies in cryptorchidism and hypospadias. J Urol 168:2170\u20132172 (Discussion 2172)","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"3686_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2001.112512","volume":"138","author":"B Kohler","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kohler B, Schumacher V, l\u2019Allemand D, Royer-Pokora B, Gruters A (2001) Germline Wilms tumor suppressor gene (WT1) mutation leading to isolated genital malformation without Wilms tumor or nephropathy. J Pediatr 138:421\u2013424","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"3686_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejhg.5201232","volume":"12","author":"Y Wang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wang Y, Li Q, Xu J, Liu Q, Wang W, Lin Y, Ma F, Chen T, Li S, Shen Y (2004) Mutation analysis of five candidate genes in Chinese patients with hypospadias. Eur J Hum Genet 12:706\u2013712","journal-title":"Eur J Hum Genet"},{"key":"3686_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3712","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0543","volume":"92","author":"A Beleza-Meireles","year":"2007","unstructured":"Beleza-Meireles A, Kockum I, Lundberg F, Soderhall C, Nordenskjold A (2007) Risk factors for hypospadias in the estrogen receptor 2 gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:3712\u20133718","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"3686_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)65830-0","volume":"156","author":"RW Sutherland","year":"1996","unstructured":"Sutherland RW, Wiener JS, Hicks JP, Marcelli M, Gonzales ET Jr, Roth DR, Lamb DJ (1996) Androgen receptor gene mutations are rarely associated with isolated penile hypospadias. J Urol 156:828\u2013831","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"3686_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s002400050088","volume":"27","author":"A Nordenskjold","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nordenskjold A, Friedman E, Tapper-Persson M, Soderhall C, Leviav A, Svensson J, Anvret M (1999) Screening for mutations in candidate genes for hypospadias. Urol Res 27:49\u201355","journal-title":"Urol Res"},{"key":"3686_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5105","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0293","volume":"89","author":"EL Aschim","year":"2004","unstructured":"Aschim EL, Nordenskjold A, Giwercman A, Lundin KB, Ruhayel Y, Haugen TB, Grotmol T, Giwercman YL (2004) Linkage between cryptorchidism, hypospadias, and GGN repeat length in the androgen receptor gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:5105\u20135109","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"3686_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1953","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0511","volume":"96","author":"A Vottero","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vottero A, Minari R, Viani I, Tassi F, Bonatti F, Neri TM, Bertolini L, Bernasconi S, Ghizzoni L (2011) Evidence for epigenetic abnormalities of the androgen receptor gene in foreskin from children with hypospadias. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:E1953\u2013E1962","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"3686_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6695","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0446","volume":"90","author":"HT Thai","year":"2005","unstructured":"Thai HT, Kalbasi M, Lagerstedt K, Frisen L, Kockum I, Nordenskjold A (2005) The valine allele of the V89L polymorphism in the 5-alpha-reductase gene confers a reduced risk for hypospadias. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:6695\u20136698","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"3686_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/9.5.829","volume":"9","author":"HN Lim","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lim HN, Chen H, McBride S, Dunning AM, Nixon RM, Hughes IA, Hawkins JR (2000) Longer polyglutamine tracts in the androgen receptor are associated with moderate to severe undermasculinized genitalia in XY males. Hum Mol Genet 9:829\u2013834","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"3686_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3181","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/22.15.3181","volume":"22","author":"NL Chamberlain","year":"1994","unstructured":"Chamberlain NL, Driver ED, Miesfeld RL (1994) The length and location of CAG trinucleotide repeats in the androgen receptor N-terminal domain affect transactivation function. Nucleic Acids Res 22:3181\u20133186","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"3686_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-200007000-00004","volume":"10","author":"NM Makridakis","year":"2000","unstructured":"Makridakis NM, di Salle E, Reichardt JK (2000) Biochemical and pharmacogenetic dissection of human steroid 5 alpha-reductase type II. Pharmacogenetics 10:407\u2013413","journal-title":"Pharmacogenetics"},{"key":"3686_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-08-0085","volume":"159","author":"N Kalfa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kalfa N, Liu B, Klein O, Audran F, Wang MH, Mei C, Sultan C, Baskin LS (2008) Mutations of CXorf6 are associated with a range of severities of hypospadias. Eur J Endocrinol 159:453\u2013458","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"3686_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2011.09.005","volume":"7","author":"N Kalfa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kalfa N, Cassorla F, Audran F, Oulad Abdennabi I, Philibert P, Beroud C, Guys JM, Reynaud R, Alessandrini P, Wagner K et al (2011) Polymorphisms of MAMLD1 gene in hypospadias. J Pediatr Urol 7:585\u2013591","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol"},{"key":"3686_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1900","volume":"38","author":"M Fukami","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fukami M, Wada Y, Miyabayashi K, Nishino I, Hasegawa T, Nordenskjold A, Camerino G, Kretz C, Buj-Bello A, Laporte J et al (2006) CXorf6 is a causative gene for hypospadias. Nat Genet 38:1369\u20131371","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"3686_CR24","first-page":"729","volume":"158","author":"A Beleza-Meireles","year":"2008","unstructured":"Beleza-Meireles A, Tohonen V, Soderhall C, Schwentner C, Radmayr C, Kockum I, Nordenskjold A (2008) Activating transcription factor 3: a hormone responsive gene in the etiology of hypospadias. Eur 158:729\u2013739","journal-title":"Eur"},{"key":"3686_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2008.07.066","volume":"180","author":"N Kalfa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kalfa N, Liu B, Klein O, Wang MH, Cao M, Baskin LS (2008) Genomic variants of ATF3 in patients with hypospadias. J Urol 180:2183\u20132188","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"3686_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2384","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2101","volume":"95","author":"LF Zanden van der","year":"2010","unstructured":"van der Zanden LF, van Rooij IA, Feitz WF, Vermeulen SH, Kiemeney LA, Knoers NV, Roeleveld N, Franke B (2010) Genetics of hypospadias: are single-nucleotide polymorphisms in SRD5A2, ESR1, ESR2, and ATF3 really associated with the malformation? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95:2384\u20132390","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"3686_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.721","volume":"43","author":"LF Zanden van der","year":"2011","unstructured":"van der Zanden LF, van Rooij IA, Feitz WF, Knight J, Donders AR, Renkema KY, Bongers EM, Vermeulen SH, Kiemeney LA, Veltman JA et al (2011) Common variants in DGKK are strongly associated with risk of hypospadias. Nat Genet 43:48\u201350","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"3686_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3063","volume":"46","author":"F Geller","year":"2014","unstructured":"Geller F, Feenstra B, Carstensen L, Pers TH, van Rooij IA, Korberg IB, Choudhry S, Karjalainen JM, Schnack TH, Hollegaard MV et al (2014) Genome-wide association analyses identify variants in developmental genes associated with hypospadias. Nat Genet 46:957\u2013963","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"3686_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.159.10.957","volume":"159","author":"SL Carmichael","year":"2005","unstructured":"Carmichael SL, Shaw GM, Laurent C, Croughan MS, Olney RS, Lammer EJ (2005) Maternal progestin intake and risk of hypospadias. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 159:957\u2013962","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"3686_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3233\/JRS-1992-3402","volume":"3","author":"BA Kallen","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kallen BA, Matinez-Frias ML, Castilla EE, Robert E, Lancaster PA, Kringelbach M, Mutchinick OM, Mastroiacovo P (1992) Hormone therapy during pregnancy and isolated hypospadias: an international case-control study. Int J Risk Safety Med 3:183\u2013197","journal-title":"Int J Risk Safety Med"},{"key":"3686_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-006-9067-0","volume":"21","author":"P Wogelius","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wogelius P, Horv\u00e1th-Puh\u00f3 E, Pedersen L, Norgaard M, Czeizel AE, Sorensen HT (2006) Maternal use of oral contraceptives and risk of hypospadias\u2014a population based case\u2014control study. Eur J Epidemiol 21:777\u2013781","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"3686_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197104222841604","volume":"284","author":"AL Herbst","year":"1971","unstructured":"Herbst AL, Ulfelder H, Poskanzer DC (1971) Adenocarcinoma of the vagina. Association of maternal stilbestrol therapy with tumor appearance in young women. N Eng J Med 284:878\u2013881","journal-title":"N Eng J Med"},{"key":"3686_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(16)32540-6","volume":"142","author":"RJ Stillman","year":"1982","unstructured":"Stillman RJ (1982) In utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol: adverse effects on the reproductive tract and reproductive performance and male and female offspring. Am J Obstet Gynecol 142:905\u2013921","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"3686_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08152-7","volume":"359","author":"H Klip","year":"2002","unstructured":"Klip H, Verloop J, van Gool JD, Koster ME, Burger CW, van Leeuwen FE (2002) Hypospadias in sons of women exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero: a cohort study. Lancet 359:1102\u20131107","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3686_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000164789.59728.6d","volume":"16","author":"JR Palmer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Palmer JR, Wise LA, Robboy SJ, Titus-Ernstoff L, Noller KL, Herbst AL, Troisi R (2005) Hypospadias in sons of women exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero. Epidemiology 16:583\u2013586","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"3686_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.1136","volume":"25","author":"JC Pons","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pons JC, Papiernik E, Billon A, Hessabi M, Duyme M (2005) Hypospadias in sons of women exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero. Prenat Diagn 25:418\u2013419","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"key":"3686_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-006-0304-z","volume":"166","author":"MM Brouwers","year":"2007","unstructured":"Brouwers MM, Feitz WF, Roelofs LA, Kiemeney LA, de Gier RP, Roeleveld N (2007) Risk factors for hypospadias. Eur J Pediatr 166:671\u2013678","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"3686_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2009.08772.x","volume":"105","author":"MM Brouwers","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brouwers MM, van der Zanden LF, de Gier RP, Barten EJ, Zielhuis GA, Feitz WF, Roeleveld N (2010) Hypospadias: risk factor patterns and different phenotypes. BJU Int 105:254\u2013262","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"3686_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/16.3.504","volume":"16","author":"A Ericson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ericson A, K\u00e4ll\u00e9n B (2001) Congenital malformations in infants born after IVF: a population-based study. Hum Reprod 16:504\u2013509","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"3686_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20107","volume":"73","author":"B K\u00e4ll\u00e9n","year":"2005","unstructured":"K\u00e4ll\u00e9n B, Finnstr\u00f6m O, Nygren KG, Olausson PO (2005) In vitro fertilization (IVF) in Sweden: risk for congenital malformations after different IVF methods. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 73:162\u2013169","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol"},{"key":"3686_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0001-6349.2004.00476.x","volume":"83","author":"A Pinborg","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pinborg A, Loft A, Nyboe AA (2004) Neonatal outcome in a Danish national cohort of 8602 children born after in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection: the role of twin pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 83:1071\u20131078","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"3686_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/del488","volume":"22","author":"JGA Fedder","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fedder JGA, Humaidan P, Erb K, Ernst E, Loft A (2007) Malformation rate and sex ratio in 412 children conceived with epididymal or testicular sperm. Hum Reprod 22:1080\u20131085","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"3686_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2010.06.015","volume":"86","author":"S Funke","year":"2010","unstructured":"Funke S, Flach E, Kiss I, Sandor J, Vida G, Bodis J, Ertl T (2010) Male reproductive tract abnormalities: more common after assisted reproduction? Early Hum Dev 86:547\u2013550","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"3686_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20645","volume":"88","author":"B K\u00e4ll\u00e9n","year":"2010","unstructured":"K\u00e4ll\u00e9n B, Finnstr\u00f6m O, Lindam A, Nilsson E, Nygren KG, Otterblad PO (2010) Congenital malformations in infants born after in vitro fertilization in Sweden. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 88:137\u2013143","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol"},{"key":"3686_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.3.671","volume":"17","author":"M Bonduelle","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bonduelle M, Liebaers I, Deketelaere V, Derde MP, Camus M, Devroey P, Van Steirteghem A (2002) Neonatal data on a cohort of 2889 infants born after ICSI (1991\u20131999) and of 2995 infants born after IVF (1983\u20131999). Hum Reprod 17:671\u2013694","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"3686_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2005.09.008","volume":"2","author":"AM Morera","year":"2006","unstructured":"Morera AM, Valmalle AF, Asensio MJ, Chossegros L, Chauvin MA, Durand P, Mouriquand PD (2006) A study of risk factors for hypospadias in the Rho\u02c6ne-Alpes region (France). J Pediatr Urol 2:169\u2013177","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol"},{"key":"3686_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.161.8.745","volume":"161","author":"DK Waller","year":"2007","unstructured":"Waller DK, Shaw GM, Rasmussen SA, Hobbs CA, Canfield MA, Siega-Riz AM, Gallaway MS, Correa A, National Birth Defects Prevention Study (2007) Prepregnancy obesity as a risk factor for structural birth defects. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 161:745\u2013750","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"3686_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10791","volume":"116","author":"O Akre","year":"2008","unstructured":"Akre O, Boyd HA, Ahlgren M, Wilbrand K, Westergaard T, Hjalgrim H, Nordenskj\u00f6ld A, Ekbom A, Melbye M (2008) Maternal and gestational risk factors for hypospadias. Environ Health Perspect 116:1071\u20131076","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"3686_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20620","volume":"88","author":"MI Blomberg","year":"2010","unstructured":"Blomberg MI, K\u00e4ll\u00e9n B (2010) Maternal obesity and morbid obesity: the risk for birth defects in the offspring. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 88:35\u201340","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol"},{"key":"3686_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2007.00918.x","volume":"22","author":"F Giordano","year":"2008","unstructured":"Giordano F, Carbone P, Nori F, Mantovani A, Taruscio D, Fig\u00e0-Talamanca I (2008) Maternal diet and the risk of hypospadias and cryptorchidism in the offspring. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 22:249\u2013260","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"3686_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2010.66","volume":"34","author":"J Rankin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rankin J, Tennant PW, Stothard KJ, Bythell M, Summerbell CD, Bell R (2010) Maternal body mass index and congenital anomaly risk: a cohort study. Int J Obes (Lond) 34:1371\u20131380","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"3686_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1017\/S000156600000492X","volume":"34","author":"B Kappel","year":"1985","unstructured":"Kappel B, Hansen K, Moller J, Faaborg-Andersen J (1985) Human placental lactogen and dU-estrogen levels in normal twin pregnancies. Acta Genet Med Gemellol (Roma) 34:59\u201365","journal-title":"Acta Genet Med Gemellol (Roma)"},{"key":"3686_CR53","first-page":"1035","volume":"76","author":"L Bernstein","year":"1986","unstructured":"Bernstein L, Depue RH, Ross RK, Judd HL, Pike MC, Henderson BE (1986) Higher maternal levels of free estradiol in first compared to second pregnancy: early gestational differences. J Natl Cancer Inst 76:1035\u20131039","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"3686_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20673","volume":"88","author":"L Jin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jin L, Ye R, Zheng J, Hong S, Ren A (2010) Secular trends of hypospadias prevalence and, 1993\u20132005. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 88:458\u2013465","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol"},{"key":"3686_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199907000-00005","volume":"10","author":"O Akre","year":"1999","unstructured":"Akre O, Lipworth L, Cnattingius S, Spar\u00e9n P, Ekbom A (1999) Risk factor patterns for cryptorchidism and hypospadias. Epidemiology 10:364\u2013369","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"3686_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2007.00809.x","volume":"21","author":"SL Carmichael","year":"2007","unstructured":"Carmichael SL, Shaw GM, Laurent C, Olney RS, Lammer EJ, National Birth Defects Prevention S (2007) Maternal reproductive and demographic characteristics as risk factors for hypospadias. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 21:210\u2013218","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"3686_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000091603.43531.d0","volume":"14","author":"SL Carmichael","year":"2003","unstructured":"Carmichael SL, Shaw GM, Nelson V, Selvin S, Torfs CP, Curry CJ (2003) Hypospadias in California: trends and descriptive epidemiology. Epidemiology 14:701\u2013706","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"3686_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.3.473","volume":"109","author":"N Hussain","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hussain N, Herndon CD, Herson VC, Rosenkrantz TS, McKenna PH (2002) Hypospadias and early gestation growth restriction in infants. Pediatrics 109:473\u2013478","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"3686_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.10092","volume":"66","author":"K Kallen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kallen K (2002) Role of maternal smoking and maternal reproductive history in the etiology of hypospadias in the offspring. Teratology 66:185\u2013191","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"key":"3686_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9146","volume":"114","author":"KJ Meyer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Meyer KJ, Reif JS, Veeramachaneni DN, Luben TJ, Mosley BS, Nuckols JR (2006) Agricultural pesticide use and hypospadias in eastern Arkansas. Environ Health Perspect 114:1589\u20131595","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"3686_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2009.048272","volume":"67","author":"N Nassar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nassar N, Abeywardana P, Barker A, Bower C (2010) Parental occupational exposure to potential endocrine disrupting chemicals and risk of hypospadias in infants. Occup Environ Med 67:585\u2013589","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"3686_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000181631.31713.b6","volume":"16","author":"HT Sorensen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sorensen HT, Pedersen L, Norgaard M, Wogelius P, Rothman KJ (2005) Maternal asthma, preeclampsia and risk of hypospadias. Epidemiology 16:806\u2013807","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"3686_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)68992-6","volume":"161","author":"ISMH Weidner","year":"1999","unstructured":"Weidner ISMH, Jensen TK, Skakkebak NE (1999) Risk factors for cryptorchidism and hypospadias. J Urol 161:1606\u20131609","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"3686_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)65334-7","volume":"167","author":"L Fredell","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fredell L, Kockum I, Hansson E, Holmner S, Lundquist L, L\u00e4ckgren G, Pedersen J, Stenberg A, Westbacke G, Nordenskj\u00f6ld A (2002) Heredity of hypospadias and the significance of low birth weight. J Urol 167:1423\u20131427","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"3686_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2008.12.081","volume":"73","author":"G Sun","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sun G, Tang D, Liang J, Wu M (2009) Increasing prevalence of hypospadias associated with various perinatal risk factors in Chinese newborns. Urology 73:1241\u20131245","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"3686_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2004.00473.x","volume":"27","author":"HT Aschim","year":"2004","unstructured":"Aschim HT, Haugen TB, Tretli S, Daltveit AK, Grotmol T (2004) Risk factors for hypospadias in Norwegian boys\u2014association with testicular dysgenesis syndrome? Int J Androl 27:213\u2013221","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"3686_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1824-7288-35-18","volume":"35","author":"P Ghirri","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ghirri P, Bertelloni S, Pardi D, Celandroni A, Cocchi G, Danieli R, De Santis L, Di Stefano MC, Gerola O et al (2009) Prevalence of hypospadias according to severity, gestational age and birthweight: an epidemiological study. Ital J Pediatr 35:18","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"key":"3686_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F150","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.87.2.F150","volume":"87","author":"IA Hughes","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hughes IA, Northstone K, Golding J, Team AS (2002) Reduced birth weight in boys with hypospadias: an index of androgen dysfunction? Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 87:F150\u2013F151","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"3686_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.27.9.559","volume":"27","author":"C Stoll","year":"1990","unstructured":"Stoll C, Alembik Y, Roth MP, Dott B (1990) Genetic and environmental factors in hypospadias. J Med Genet 27:559\u2013563","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"key":"3686_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2007.10.046","volume":"43","author":"T Fujimoto","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fujimoto T, Suwa T, Kabe K, Adachi T, Nakabayashi M, Amamiya T (2008) Placental insufficiency in early gestation is associated with hypospadias. J Pediatr Surg 43:358\u2013361","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"3686_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2008.12.005","volume":"5","author":"WH Carlson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Carlson WH, Kisely SR, MacLellan DL (2009) Maternal and fetal risk factors associated with severity of hypospadias: a comparison of mild and severe cases. J Pediatr Urologia Int 5:283\u2013286","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urologia Int"},{"key":"3686_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.33140","volume":"152A","author":"Y Yinon","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yinon Y, Kingdom JC, Proctor LK, Kelly EN, Salle JL, Wherrett D, Keating S, Nevo O, Chitayat D (2010) Hypospadias in males with intrauterine growth restriction due to placental insufficiency: the placental role in the embryogenesis of male external genitalia. Am J Med Genet A 152A:75\u201383","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet A"},{"key":"3686_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1097\/00006254-200112000-00004","volume":"56","author":"EC Furneaux","year":"2001","unstructured":"Furneaux EC, Langley-Evans AJ, Langley-Evans SC (2001) Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: endocrine basis and contribution to pregnancy outcome. Obstet Gynecol Surv 56:775\u2013782","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Surv"},{"key":"3686_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20415","volume":"82","author":"AR Caton","year":"2008","unstructured":"Caton AR, Bell EM, Druschel CM, Werler MM, Mitchell AA, Browne ML, McNutt LA, Romitti PA, Olney RS, Correa A (2008) Maternal hypertension, antihypertensive medication use, the risk of severe hypospadias. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 82:34\u201340","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol"},{"key":"3686_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mavrogenis S, Urban R, Czeizel AE (2014) Pregnancy complications in the mothers who delivered boys with isolated hypospadias\u2014a population-based case-control study. J Maternal Fet Med 2014:1\u20135. doi: 10.3109\/14767058.2014.921902","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2014.921902"},{"key":"3686_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nelson DB, Chalak LF, McIntire DD, Leveno KJ (2014) Is preeclampsia associated with fetal malformation? A review and report of original research. J Maternal Fet Med 2014:1\u20136. doi: 10.3109\/14767058.2014.980808","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2014.980808"},{"issue":"1","key":"3686_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.122351","volume":"16","author":"LB Hakonsen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hakonsen LB, Ernst A, Ramlau-Hansen CH (2014) Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and reproductive health in children: a review of epidemiological studies. Asian J Androl 16(1):39\u201349","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"key":"3686_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7243","volume":"112","author":"FH Pierik","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pierik FH, Burdorf A, Deddens JA, Juttmann RE, Weber RFA (2004) Maternal and paternal risk factors for cryptorchidism and hypospadias: a case\u2014control study in newborn boys. Environ Health Perspect 112:1570\u20131576","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"3686_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2008.08.006","volume":"5","author":"CM Rocheleau","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rocheleau CM, Romitti PA, Dennis LK (2009) Pesticides and hypospadias: a meta-analysis. J Pediatr Urol 5:17\u201324","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol"},{"key":"3686_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2012.09.116","volume":"189","author":"JS Christensen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Christensen JS, Asklund C, Skakkebaek NE, Jorgensen N, Andersen HR, Jorgensen TM, Olsen LH, Hoyer AP, Moesgaard J, Thorup J et al (2013) Association between organic dietary choice during pregnancy and hypospadias in offspring: a study of mothers of 306 boys operated on for hypospadias. J Urol 189:1077\u20131082","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"3686_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23247","volume":"100","author":"SM Gilboa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gilboa SM, Lee KA, Cogswell ME, Traven FK, Botto LD, Riehle-Colarusso T, Correa A, Boyle CA (2014) Maternal intake of vitamin E and birth defects, national birth defects prevention study, 1997\u20132005. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 100:647\u2013657","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol"},{"issue":"85","key":"3686_CR82","first-page":"107","volume":"2000","author":"K North","year":"2001","unstructured":"North K, Golding J (2001) A maternal vegetarian diet in pregnancy is associated with hypospadias. The ALSPAC Study Team. Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood. BJU Int 2000(85):107\u2013113","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"3686_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2007.05.004","volume":"70","author":"ML Vilela","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vilela ML, Willingham E, Buckley J, Liu BC, Agras K, Shiroyanagi Y, Baskin LS (2007) Endocrine disruptors and hypospadias: role of genistein and the fungicide vinclozolin. Urology 70:618\u2013621","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"3686_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.2000.tb00119.x","volume":"41","author":"C Arpino","year":"2000","unstructured":"Arpino C, Brescianini S, Robert E, Castilla EE, Cocchi G, Cornel MC, de Vigan C, Lancaster PA, Merlob P, Sumiyoshi Y, Zampino G, Renzi C, Rosano A, Mastroiacovo P (2000) Teratogenic effects of antiepileptic drugs: use of an International Database on Malformations and Drug Exposure (MADRE). Epilepsia 41:1436\u20131443","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"3686_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200831060-00008","volume":"31","author":"E Rodr\u00edguez-Pinilla","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Pinilla E, Mej\u00edas C, Prieto-Merino D, Fern\u00e1ndez P, Mart\u00ednez-Fr\u00edas ML, ECEMC Working Group (2008) Risk of hypospadias in newborn infants exposed to valproic acid during the first trimester of pregnancy: a case\u2014control study in Spain. Drug Saf 31:537\u2013543","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"3686_CR86","first-page":"27","volume":"26","author":"GO Ajayi","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ajayi GO, Fadiran EO (1999) The effect of combined iron therapy (Chemiron) and single iron therapy on the dexamethasone-estriol reaction test for placenta insufficiency during normal pregnancy. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 26:27\u201330","journal-title":"Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"3686_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.159.9.941","volume":"159","author":"BJ Lipworth","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lipworth BJ (1999) Systemic adverse effects of inhaled corticosteroid therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 159:941\u2013955","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"3686_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1515\/jpme.1977.5.3.120","volume":"5","author":"RI Negulescu","year":"1977","unstructured":"Negulescu RI, Strecker JR, Lauritzen C, Pal S (1977) The influence of betamethasone on the feto-placental unit: a preliminary report. J Perinat Med 5:120\u2013132","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"issue":"4366","key":"3686_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1126\/science.705336","volume":"202","author":"JM Reinisch","year":"1978","unstructured":"Reinisch JM, Simon NG, Karow WG, Gandelman R (1978) Prenatal exposure to prednisone in humans and animals retards intrauterine growth. Science 202(4366):436\u2013438","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"3686_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)00188-6","volume":"175","author":"E Willingham","year":"2006","unstructured":"Willingham E, Agras K, Vilela M, Baskin LS (2006) Loratadine exerts estrogen-like effects and disrupts penile development in the mouse. J Urol 175:723\u2013726","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"4 Pt 2","key":"3686_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000139911.56346.1b","volume":"172","author":"S Yucel","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yucel S, Desouza A, Baskin LS (2004) In utero prednisone exposure affects genital development. J Urol 172(4 Pt 2):1725\u20131730","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"3686_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2008.00718.x","volume":"97","author":"B K\u00e4ll\u00e9n","year":"2008","unstructured":"K\u00e4ll\u00e9n B, Nilsson E, Otterblad Olausson P (2008) Maternal use of loperamide in early pregnancy and delivery outcome. Acta Paediatr 97:541\u2013545","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"3686_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31802e2229","volume":"44","author":"DH Watts","year":"2007","unstructured":"Watts DH, Li D, Handelsman E, Tilson H, Paul M, Foca M, Vajaranant M, Diaz C, Tuomala R, Thompson B (2007) Assessment of birth defects according to maternal therapy among infants in the Women and Infants Transmission Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 44:299\u2013305","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"3686_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540310017069","volume":"35","author":"AE Czeizel","year":"2003","unstructured":"Czeizel AE, Kazy Z, Puho E (2003) A population-based case\u2014control teratological study of oral nystatin treatment during pregnancy. Scand J Infect Dis 35:830\u2013835","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"3686_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291709992194","volume":"40","author":"M Reis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Reis M, K\u00e4ll\u00e9n B (2010) Delivery outcome after maternal use of antidepressant drugs in pregnancy: an update using Swedish data. Psychol Med 40:1723\u20131733","journal-title":"Psychol Med"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Surgery International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00383-015-3686-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00383-015-3686-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00383-015-3686-z","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T17:05:13Z","timestamp":1717779913000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00383-015-3686-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,6]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]}},"alternative-id":["3686"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00383-015-3686-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0179-0358","1437-9813"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0179-0358","type":"print"},{"value":"1437-9813","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,6]]}}}