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Perioperative autologous micrografting allows for direct single-staged graft cellularization omitting laboratory-based in vitro propagation. For urogenital reconstruction, where a muscular layer may be desirable, co-transplanting muscular and urothelial micrografts has previously shown to inhibit urothelial micrograft expansion. This study aimed to assess the effects of adding muscular micrografts in a separate compartment in a tubular collagen-based urinary graft.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Autologous tissue from twelve minipig bladders was used for implanting tubular grafts that were constructed and implanted subcutaneously as a single-staged in vivo procedure. Each animal received four grafts: two containing urothelial micrografts only (urothelial group) and two containing both urothelial and detrusor muscle micrografts (co-transplanted group).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Six weeks post-implantation, 74% of the urothelial group and 64% of the co-transplanted tubular grafts demonstrated luminal pancytokeratin-positive epithelium (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.524). Grafts were analyzed histologically and by immunoassays for identification of epithelium (pancytokeratin), differentiated urothelium (uroplakin II), smooth muscle (\u03b1-SMA &amp; desmin), inflammation (CD68 &amp; apoptosis assay), and vascularization (CD31\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      vessels). No significant differences in cellular markers or epithelization were observed between groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings indicate that muscular micrografts can be co-transplanted in a separate compartment in a collagen-based tubular graft without inhibiting co-transplanted urothelial micrograft expansion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-025-06259-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T08:53:39Z","timestamp":1767948819000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Single-staged in vivo co-transplantation of autologous muscular and urothelial micrografts as a composite tissue tube for urogenital reconstruction"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Alexander Guldmann","family":"Clausen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolai","family":"Juul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahboobeh","family":"Amoushahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Willacy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Fossum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"6259_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2011.10650.x","volume":"109","author":"SM Biers","year":"2012","unstructured":"Biers SM, Venn SN, Greenwell TJ (2012) The past, present and future of augmentation cystoplasty. 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