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We hypothesize thoracoscopic repair of EA with TEF over time has increased, with improved or equivalent outcomes compared to open.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      NSQIP-P identified patients\u2009&lt;\u200930 days with EA and TEF who underwent repair of both defects from 2016 to 2022. Patients were categorized into (1) intention to treat (thoracoscopic\/thoracoscopic converted to open); and (2) thoracoscopic only, both compared to open only patients. Coarsened exact matching was performed. Pre\/post-match analysis utilized\n                      <jats:italic>X<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      , Fisher\u2019s exact, and Mann-Whitney-U tests.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overall, 1,188 patients were identified with 147 (12.4%) thoracoscopic only, 129 (10.8%) converted to open, and 912 (76.8%) open only. Thoracoscopic repair increased (2016\u20132022) for intention to treat (12.0% vs. 29.4%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001) and thoracoscopic only (7.2% vs. 19.1%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.012) cohorts. Matched analysis identified thoracoscopic patients had reduced length of stay (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.005) and longer operative time (&lt;\u20090.01); however, no difference in other outcomes were identified (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thoracoscopic repair of EA with TEF attempts have increased to roughly 30%, and it is associated with reduced length of stay and longer operative times without other outcome differences. This analysis affirms the short-term safety of thoracoscopic repair of EA and TEF.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of evidence (I-V)<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Level III.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-026-06420-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T07:53:30Z","timestamp":1776239610000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Trends and outcomes of thoracoscopic esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula repair: a retrospective analysis 2016\u20132022"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"John M.","family":"Woodward","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia Corujo","family":"Avila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Orellana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaity","family":"Tung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie Tacher","family":"Otero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsey","family":"Caines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krystle","family":"Bittner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anshul","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carroll M.","family":"Harmon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"P. 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