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These included NLS at time of writing and liver transplant (LT) recipients with evidence of nodules before LT. Demographic, biochemistry, tumour markers, imaging, and histopathological data were collected. Dysplastic and non-dysplastic nodules were compared using Mann-Whitney U and Fisher\u2019s exact test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 163 BA patients, of 96 NLS, 17 developed nodules; of 67 post-LT patients, 6 developed nodules before LT. Together, 23 post-KPE patients with nodules were analyzed: 4 dysplastic (one progressed into early hepatocellular carcinoma) and 19 benign lesions. Dysplastic nodules appeared earlier (8.2 vs. 21.2 years, p=0.286) and were larger (11.6 vs. 2.2cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      , p=0.284). Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels were similar (2.0ng\/mL vs. 3.0ng\/mL, p=0.232). All dysplastic nodules exhibited arterial-phase enhancement without portovenous washout on contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In BA NLS, one-quarter develop hepatic nodules over time; malignant changes are rare, but can occur. Additionally, contrast-enhanced CT surveillance may be useful for larger, or earlier-detected hepatic nodules.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-026-06644-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T09:42:29Z","timestamp":1790070149000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The characteristics of liver nodules in biliary atresia native liver survivors"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4489-9387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John Yeh Joon","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2382-5681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick Ho Yu","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6403-6374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fanny","family":"Yeung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7371-503X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth Kak Yuen","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1920","key":"6644_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2011.13197","volume":"141","author":"YT Boege","year":"2011","unstructured":"Boege YT, Reisinger F, Heikenwalder M (2011) Chronic liver inflammation and hepatocellular carcinoma: persistence matters. 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