{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T11:15:57Z","timestamp":1793445357791,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,4]],"date-time":"2019-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546560000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,4]],"date-time":"2019-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK007754-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK007754-13"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Colorectal Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-018-03221-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,3]],"date-time":"2019-01-03T23:23:03Z","timestamp":1546557783000},"page":"491-499","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Comparable perioperative outcomes, long-term outcomes, and quality of life in a retrospective analysis of ulcerative colitis patients following 2-stage versus 3-stage proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5189-8373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grace C.","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Deery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroko","family":"Kunitake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caitlin W.","family":"Hicks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana G.","family":"Olariu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lieba R.","family":"Savitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashwin N.","family":"Ananthakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rocco","family":"Ricciardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard A.","family":"Hodin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liliana G.","family":"Bordeianou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"3221_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000000030","volume":"57","author":"H Ross","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ross H, Steele SR, Varma M, Dykes S, Cima R, Buie WD, Rafferty J (2014) Practice parameters for the surgical treatment of ulcerative colitis. Dis Colon Rectum 57:5\u201322","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"3221_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.127","volume":"107","author":"LE Targownik","year":"2012","unstructured":"Targownik LE, Singh H, Nugent Z, Bernstein CN (2012) The epidemiology of colectomy in ulcerative colitis: results from a population-based cohort. Am J Gastroenterol 107:1228\u20131235","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"3221_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.5866","volume":"94","author":"BB McGuire","year":"2007","unstructured":"McGuire BB, Brannigan AE, O\u2019Connell PR (2007) Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Br J Surg 94:812\u2013823","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"3221_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000001061","volume":"23","author":"AL Lightner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lightner AL, Mathis KL, Dozois EJ, Hahnsloser D, Loftus EV Jr, Raffals LE, Pemberton JH (2017) Results at up to 30\u00a0years after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for chronic ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 23:781\u2013790","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"3221_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000000418","volume":"58","author":"PB Murphy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Murphy PB, Khot Z, Vogt KN, Ott M, Dubois L (2015) Quality of life after total proctocolectomy with ileostomy or IPAA: a systematic review. Dis Colon Rectum 58:899\u2013908","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"3221_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-200202000-00008","volume":"235","author":"UA Heuschen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Heuschen UA, Hinz U, Allemeyer EH, Autschbach F, Stern J, Lucas M, Herfarth C, Heuschen G (2002) Risk factors for ileoanal J pouch-related septic complications in ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatous polyposis. Ann Surg 235:207\u2013216","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"3221_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2006.03.005","volume":"10","author":"C Shibata","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shibata C, Funayama Y, Fukushima K et al (2006) Factors affecting the bowel function after proctocolectomy and ileal J pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis. J Gastrointest Surg 10:1065\u20131071","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Surg"},{"key":"3221_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1586\/17474124.2.3.357","volume":"2","author":"NC Hare","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hare NC, Arnott ID, Satsangi J (2008) Therapeutic options in acute severe ulcerative colitis. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2:357\u2013370","journal-title":"Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"3221_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-008-9364-7","volume":"51","author":"IJ Mor","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mor IJ, Vogel JD, da Luz MA, Shen B, Hammel J, Remzi FH (2008) Infliximab in ulcerative colitis is associated with an increased risk of postoperative complications after restorative proctocolectomy. Dis Colon Rectum 51:1202\u20131207 discussion 1207-1210","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"3221_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1503\/cjs.001610","volume":"54","author":"D Richardson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Richardson D, deMontbrun S, Johnson PM (2011) Surgical management of ulcerative colitis: a comparison of Canadian and American colorectal surgeons. Can J Surg 54:257\u2013262","journal-title":"Can J Surg"},{"key":"3221_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1001\/2013.jamasurg.325","volume":"148","author":"CW Hicks","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hicks CW, Hodin RA, Bordeianou L (2013) Possible overuse of 3-stage procedures for active ulcerative colitis. JAMA Surg 148:658\u2013664","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"3221_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000000457","volume":"78","author":"E St-Louis","year":"2015","unstructured":"St-Louis E, Iqbal S, Feldman LS, Sudarshan M, Deckelbaum DL, Razek TS, Khwaja K (2015) Using the age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index to predict outcomes in emergency general surgery. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 78:318\u2013323","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"3221_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01537233","volume":"35","author":"EH Livingston","year":"1990","unstructured":"Livingston EH, Passaro EP Jr (1990) Postoperative ileus. Dig Dis Sci 35:121\u2013132","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"3221_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/DCR.0b013e3181fded4d","volume":"54","author":"JM Lipman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lipman JM, Kiran RP, Shen B, Remzi F, Fazio VW (2011) Perioperative factors during ileal pouch-anal anastomosis predict pouchitis. Dis Colon Rectum 54:311\u2013317","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"3221_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02237236","volume":"43","author":"TH Rockwood","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rockwood TH, Church JM, Fleshman JW, Kane RL, Mavrantonis C, Thorson AG, Wexner SD, Bliss D, Lowry AC (2000) Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life Scale: quality of life instrument for patients with fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 43:9\u201316 discussion 16-17","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"3221_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(97)00238-0","volume":"49","author":"RC Rosen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rosen RC, Riley A, Wagner G, Osterloh IH, Kirkpatrick J, Mishra A (1997) The international index of erectile function (IIEF): a multidimensional scale for assessment of erectile dysfunction. Urology 49:822\u2013830","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"3221_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1080\/009262300278597","volume":"26","author":"R Rosen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rosen R, Brown C, Heiman J et al (2000) The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI): a multidimensional self-report instrument for the assessment of female sexual function. J Sex Marital Ther 26:191\u2013208","journal-title":"J Sex Marital Ther"},{"key":"3221_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2011.04.002","volume":"37","author":"P Zotti","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zotti P, Del Bianco P, Serpentini S et al (2011) Validity and reliability of the MSKCC bowel function instrument in a sample of Italian rectal cancer patients. Eur J Surg Oncol 37:589\u2013596","journal-title":"Eur J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"3221_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02236199","volume":"42","author":"TH Rockwood","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rockwood TH, Church JM, Fleshman JW, Kane RL, Mavrantonis C, Thorson AG, Wexner SD, Bliss D, Lowry AC (1999) Patient and surgeon ranking of the severity of symptoms associated with fecal incontinence: the fecal incontinence severity index. Dis Colon Rectum 42:1525\u20131532","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"3221_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(12)61634-6","volume":"69","author":"WJ Sandborn","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sandborn WJ, Tremaine WJ, Batts KP, Pemberton JH, Phillips SF (1994) Pouchitis after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis: a Pouchitis Disease Activity Index. Mayo Clin Proc 69:409\u2013415","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"499\u2013504","key":"3221_CR21","first-page":"e494","volume":"208","author":"CW Hicks","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hicks CW, Hodin RA, Savitt L, Bordeianou L (2014) Does intramesorectal excision for ulcerative colitis impact bowel and sexual function when compared with total mesorectal excision? Am J Surg 208(499\u2013504):e494","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"3221_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0b013e31823907a9","volume":"55","author":"MM Levack","year":"2012","unstructured":"Levack MM, Savitt LR, Berger DL, Shellito PC, Hodin RA, Rattner DW, Goldberg SM, Bordeianou L (2012) Sigmoidectomy syndrome? Patients\u2019 perspectives on the functional outcomes following surgery for diverticulitis. Dis Colon Rectum 55:10\u201317","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"3221_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02053936","volume":"36","author":"C Penna","year":"1993","unstructured":"Penna C, Daude F, Parc R, Tiret E, Frileux P, Hannoun L, Nordlinger B, Levy E (1993) Previous subtotal colectomy with ileostomy and sigmoidostomy improves the morbidity and early functional results after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis in ulcerative colitis. Dis Colon Rectum 36:343\u2013348","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"3221_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02553488","volume":"32","author":"RJ Nicholls","year":"1989","unstructured":"Nicholls RJ, Holt SD, Lubowski DZ (1989) Restorative proctocolectomy with ileal reservoir. Comparison of two-stage vs. three-stage procedures and analysis of factors that might affect outcome. Dis Colon Rectum 32:323\u2013326","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"3221_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02051065","volume":"34","author":"S Galandiuk","year":"1991","unstructured":"Galandiuk S, Pemberton JH, Tsao J, Ilstrup DM, Wolff BG (1991) Delayed ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Complications and functional results. Dis Colon Rectum 34:755\u2013758","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"3221_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-008-0121-8","volume":"23","author":"JH Lefevre","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lefevre JH, Bretagnol F, Ouaissi M, Taleb P, Alves A, Panis Y (2009) Total laparoscopic ileal pouch-anal anastomosis: prospective series of 82 patients. Surg Endosc 23:166\u2013173","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"3221_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjw040","volume":"10","author":"D Mege","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mege D, Figueiredo MN, Manceau G, Maggiori L, Bouhnik Y, Panis Y (2016) Three-stage laparoscopic ileal pouch-anal anastomosis is the best approach for high-risk patients with inflammatory bowel disease: an analysis of 185 consecutive patients. J Crohns Colitis 10:898\u2013904","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"3221_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-006-0521-6","volume":"49","author":"ED Kennedy","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kennedy ED, Rothwell DM, Cohen Z, McLeod RS (2006) Increased experience and surgical technique lead to improved outcome after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis: a population-based study. Dis Colon Rectum 49:958\u2013965","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"3221_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-007-0246-1","volume":"50","author":"M Lim","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lim M, Sagar P, Abdulgader A, Thekkinkattil D, Burke D (2007) The impact of preoperative immunomodulation on pouch-related septic complications after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Dis Colon Rectum 50:943\u2013951","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"3221_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000000282","volume":"58","author":"J Bikhchandani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bikhchandani J, Polites SF, Wagie AE, Habermann EB, Cima RR (2015) National trends of 3- versus 2-stage restorative proctocolectomy for chronic ulcerative colitis. Dis Colon Rectum 58:199\u2013204","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"3221_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2015.12.012","volume":"51","author":"A Shannon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shannon A, Eng K, Kay M, Blanchard S, Wyllie R, Mahajan L, Worley S, Lavery I, Fazio V (2016) Long-term follow up of ileal pouch anal anastomosis in a large cohort of pediatric and young adult patients with ulcerative colitis. J Pediatr Surg 51:1181\u20131186","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"3221_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13763","volume":"44","author":"L Peyrin-Biroulet","year":"2016","unstructured":"Peyrin-Biroulet L, Germain A, Patel AS, Lindsay JO (2016) Systematic review: outcomes and post-operative complications following colectomy for ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 44:807\u2013816","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"3221_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-011-1402-6","volume":"27","author":"S de Zeeuw","year":"2012","unstructured":"de Zeeuw S, Ahmed Ali U, Donders RA, Hueting WE, Keus F, van Laarhoven CJ (2012) Update of complications and functional outcome of the ileo-pouch anal anastomosis: overview of evidence and meta-analysis of 96 observational studies. Int J Color Dis 27:843\u2013853","journal-title":"Int J Color Dis"},{"key":"3221_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.06.006","volume":"207","author":"CW Hicks","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hicks CW, Hodin RA, Bordeianou L (2014) Semi-urgent surgery in hospitalized patients with severe ulcerative colitis does not increase overall J-pouch complications. Am J Surg 207:281\u2013287","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"3221_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2168.1998.00689.x","volume":"85","author":"AP Meagher","year":"1998","unstructured":"Meagher AP, Farouk R, Dozois RR, Kelly KA, Pemberton JH (1998) J ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for chronic ulcerative colitis: complications and long-term outcome in 1310 patients. Br J Surg 85:800\u2013803","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"3221_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000090940.39838.6a","volume":"238","author":"VW Fazio","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fazio VW, Tekkis PP, Remzi F et al (2003) Quantification of risk for pouch failure after ileal pouch anal anastomosis surgery. Ann Surg 238:605\u2013614 discussion 614-607","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"3221_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saraidaridis JT, Hashimoto DA, Chang DC, Bordeianou LG, Kunitake H (2018) Colorectal surgery fellowship improves in-hospital mortality after colectomy and proctectomy irrespective of hospital and surgeon volume. J Gastrointest Surg 22:516\u2013522","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-017-3625-5"},{"key":"3221_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6060(99)70234-5","volume":"125","author":"JD Birkmeyer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Birkmeyer JD, Finlayson SR, Tosteson AN, Sharp SM, Warshaw AL, Fisher ES (1999) Effect of hospital volume on in-hospital mortality with pancreaticoduodenectomy. Surgery 125:250\u2013256","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"3221_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199802000-00001","volume":"227","author":"GA Porter","year":"1998","unstructured":"Porter GA, Soskolne CL, Yakimets WW, Newman SC (1998) Surgeon-related factors and outcome in rectal cancer. Ann Surg 227:157\u2013167","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"3221_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1067\/msy.2002.120238","volume":"131","author":"EL Hannan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hannan EL, Radzyner M, Rubin D, Dougherty J, Brennan MF (2002) The influence of hospital and surgeon volume on in-hospital mortality for colectomy, gastrectomy, and lung lobectomy in patients with cancer. Surgery 131:6\u201315","journal-title":"Surgery"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Colorectal Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00384-018-03221-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00384-018-03221-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00384-018-03221-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T14:05:21Z","timestamp":1662732321000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00384-018-03221-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,4]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["3221"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00384-018-03221-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0179-1958","1432-1262"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0179-1958","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1262","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 December 2018","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 January 2019","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"For the data collection aspect of this study (Protocol #2008P002110), formal consent was waived by the IRB. For the survey portion of the study (Protocol #2011P001407), informed consent was implied by voluntary completion of the survey, as approved by the IRB.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}