{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T16:22:34Z","timestamp":1783700554953,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739923200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82460539"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82460539"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Bingtuan Science and Technology Program","award":["2023AB056 , 2022ZD023, and 2022ZD038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023AB056 , 2022ZD023, and 2022ZD038"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Colorectal Dis"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-025-04817-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T06:40:28Z","timestamp":1739947228000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Global burden of colorectal cancer attributable to metabolic risks from 1990 to 2021, with projections of mortality to 2035"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Maolang","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruru","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aifang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuxin","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"4817_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2024-333227","volume":"74","author":"P Danpanichkul","year":"2024","unstructured":"Danpanichkul P, Suparan K, Tothanarungroj P et al (2024) Epidemiology of gastrointestinal cancers: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Gut 74(1):26\u201334","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"1","key":"4817_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.02.068","volume":"159","author":"M Arnold","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arnold M, Abnet CC, Neale RE et al (2020) Global burden of 5 major types of gastrointestinal cancer. Gastroenterology 159(1):335-349.e315","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"3","key":"4817_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21772","volume":"73","author":"RL Siegel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Siegel RL, Wagle NS, Cercek A et al (2023) Colorectal cancer statistics, 2023. CA Cancer J Clin 73(3):233\u2013254","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"1","key":"4817_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-023-00432-7","volume":"9","author":"MCW Spaander","year":"2023","unstructured":"Spaander MCW, Zauber AG, Syngal S et al (2023) Young-onset colorectal cancer. Nat Rev Dis Primers 9(1):21","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"2","key":"4817_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-327736","volume":"72","author":"E Morgan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Morgan E, Arnold M, Gini A et al (2023) Global burden of colorectal cancer in 2020 and 2040: incidence and mortality estimates from GLOBOCAN. Gut 72(2):338\u2013344","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"1","key":"4817_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-17875-6","volume":"24","author":"R He","year":"2024","unstructured":"He R, Jiang W, Wang C et al (2024) Global burden of pancreatic cancer attributable to metabolic risks from 1990 to 2019, with projections of mortality to 2030. BMC Public Health 24(1):456","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"10352","key":"4817_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01438-6","volume":"400","author":"GBD 2019 Cancer Risk Factors Collaborators","year":"2022","unstructured":"GBD 2019 Cancer Risk Factors Collaborators (2022) The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010\u201319: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 400(10352):563\u2013591","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4817_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918330","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.918330","volume":"9","author":"X Zhi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhi X, Kuang XH, Liu K et al (2022) The global burden and temporal trend of cancer attributable to high body mass index: estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Front Nutr 9:918330","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"4817_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879890","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.879890","volume":"13","author":"S Safiri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Safiri S, Nejadghaderi SA, Karamzad N et al (2022) Global, regional and national burden of cancers attributable to high fasting plasma glucose in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 13:879890","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"8","key":"4817_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2429494","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.29494","volume":"7","author":"P Paragomi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Paragomi P, Zhang Z, Abe SK et al (2024) Body mass index and risk of colorectal cancer incidence and mortality in Asia. JAMA Netw Open 7(8):e2429494","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"4817_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.01.024","volume":"217","author":"B Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang B, Lv Y, Shi O et al (2023) The global burden of colorectal cancer attributable to high plasma glucose in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study. Public Health 217:46\u201353","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"issue":"10440","key":"4817_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00757-8","volume":"403","author":"GBD 2021 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators","year":"2024","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators (2024) Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet 403(10440):2133\u20132161","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10440","key":"4817_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00685-8","volume":"403","author":"GBD 2021 Forecasting Collaborators","year":"2024","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Forecasting Collaborators (2024) Burden of disease scenarios for 204 countries and territories, 2022-2050: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet 403(10440):2204\u20132256","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10440","key":"4817_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00933-4","volume":"403","author":"GBD 2021 Risk Factors Collaborators","year":"2024","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Risk Factors Collaborators (2024) Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet 403(10440):2162\u20132203","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"4817_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","volume":"74","author":"F Bray","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H et al (2024) Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 74(3):229\u2013263","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"4","key":"4817_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00038-3","volume":"23","author":"GBD 2021 Nervous System Disorders Collaborators","year":"2024","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Nervous System Disorders Collaborators (2024) Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet Neurol 23(4):344\u2013381","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"10397","key":"4817_CR17","first-page":"203","volume":"402","author":"GBD 2021 Diabetes Collaborators","year":"2021","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Diabetes Collaborators (2021) Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet 402(10397):203\u2013234","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"4817_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2328521","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2024.2328521","volume":"56","author":"Y Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang Y, Wang M, Liu C et al (2024) Global burden of liver cirrhosis 1990\u20132019 and 20 years forecast: results from the global burden of disease study 2019. Ann Med 56(1):2328521","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"4817_CR19","first-page":"101078","volume":"46","author":"T Xu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu T, Dong W, Liu J et al (2024) Disease burden of Parkinson\u2019s disease in China and its provinces from 1990 to 2021: findings from the global burden of disease study 2021. Lancet Reg Health West Pac 46:101078","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"key":"4817_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002325","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.1002325","volume":"9","author":"S Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu S, Yi M, Qin J et al (2022) The increasing incidence and high body mass index-related burden of gallbladder and biliary diseases-a results from global burden of disease study 2019. Front Med (Lausanne) 9:1002325","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"1","key":"4817_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15539-5","volume":"23","author":"YW Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang YW, Liu RB, Huang CY et al (2023) Global, regional, and national burdens of myocarditis, 1990\u20132019: systematic analysis from GBD 2019: GBD for myocarditis. BMC Public Health 23(1):714","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"4817_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33617","volume":"149","author":"J Yu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yu J, Yang X, He W et al (2021) Burden of pancreatic cancer along with attributable risk factors in Europe between 1990 and 2019, and projections until 2039. Int J Cancer 149(5):993\u20131001","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"9","key":"4817_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2020.1804951","volume":"73","author":"X Lei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lei X, Song S, Li X et al (2021) Excessive body fat at a young age increases the risk of colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Cancer 73(9):1601\u20131612","journal-title":"Nutr Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"4817_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e239556","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.9556","volume":"6","author":"M Mandic","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mandic M, Safizadeh F, Niedermaier T et al (2023) Association of overweight, obesity, and recent weight loss with colorectal cancer risk. JAMA Netw Open 6(4):e239556","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"4817_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2018.12.001","volume":"92","author":"S Weihrauch-Bl\u00fcher","year":"2019","unstructured":"Weihrauch-Bl\u00fcher S, Schwarz P, Klusmann JH (2019) Childhood obesity: increased risk for cardiometabolic disease and cancer in adulthood. Metabolism 92:147\u2013152","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"1","key":"4817_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17010060","volume":"17","author":"E Fasulo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fasulo E, D\u2019Amico F, Zilli A et al (2024) Advancing colorectal cancer prevention in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): challenges and innovations in endoscopic surveillance. Cancers (Basel) 17(1):60","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"12","key":"4817_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v29.i12.1779","volume":"29","author":"JH Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim JH, Oh CM, Yoo JH (2023) Obesity and novel management of inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 29(12):1779\u20131794","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4817_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33945","volume":"151","author":"X Zhou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhou X, Wang L, Xiao J et al (2022) Alcohol consumption, DNA methylation and colorectal cancer risk: Results from pooled cohort studies and Mendelian randomization analysis. Int J Cancer 151(1):83\u201394","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"4817_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17591","DOI":"10.1038\/srep17591","volume":"5","author":"J Shi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shi J, Xiong L, Li J et al (2015) A linear dose-response relationship between fasting plasma glucose and colorectal cancer risk: systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 5:17591","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"4817_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1747326","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1747326","volume":"2022","author":"GH Yu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yu GH, Li SF, Wei R et al (2022) Diabetes and colorectal cancer risk: clinical and therapeutic implications. J Diabetes Res 2022:1747326","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"4817_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.21037\/jgo-20-587","volume":"12","author":"W Feng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Feng W, Guo H, Gong H et al (2021) Comprehensive transcriptome analysis of colorectal cancer risk of hyperglycemia in humans. J Gastrointest Oncol 12(2):602\u2013619","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4817_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-017-3874-4","volume":"17","author":"A Vulcan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vulcan A, Manjer J, Ohlsson B (2017) High blood glucose levels are associated with higher risk of colon cancer in men: a cohort study. BMC Cancer 17(1):842","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"4817_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-024-02787-4","volume":"131","author":"T Lawler","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lawler T, Hibler E, Walts ZL et al (2024) Associations of diabetes and mortality among colorectal cancer patients from the Southern Community Cohort Study. Br J Cancer 131(6):1050\u20131059","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"7","key":"4817_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2021.101089","volume":"14","author":"HC Cheng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cheng HC, Chang TK, Su WC et al (2021) Narrative review of the influence of diabetes mellitus and hyperglycemia on colorectal cancer risk and oncological outcomes. Transl Oncol 14(7):101089","journal-title":"Transl Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4817_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-304701","volume":"62","author":"M Bardou","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bardou M, Barkun AN, Martel M (2013) Obesity and colorectal cancer. Gut 62(6):933\u2013947","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"1","key":"4817_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-016-0831-5","volume":"28","author":"H Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim H, Giovannucci EL (2017) Sex differences in the association of obesity and colorectal cancer risk. Cancer Causes Control 28(1):1\u20134","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"4817_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S388323","volume":"15","author":"Y Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu Y, Zhang C, Wang Q et al (2023) Temporal Trends in the disease burden of colorectal cancer with its risk factors at the global and national level from 1990 to 2019, and projections until 2044. Clin Epidemiol 15:55\u201371","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"4817_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.07.157","volume":"107","author":"B Giri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Giri B, Dey S, Das T et al (2018) Chronic hyperglycemia mediated physiological alteration and metabolic distortion leads to organ dysfunction, infection, cancer progression and other pathophysiological consequences: An update on glucose toxicity. Biomed Pharmacother 107:306\u2013328","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"4817_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088882","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1088882","volume":"14","author":"L Fang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fang L, Sheng H, Tan Y et al (2023) Prevalence of diabetes in the USA from the perspective of demographic characteristics, physical indicators and living habits based on NHANES 2009\u20132018. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 14:1088882","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"1","key":"4817_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.2991\/jegh.k.191028.001","volume":"10","author":"MAB Khan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khan MAB, Hashim MJ, King JK et al (2020) Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes - global burden of disease and forecasted trends. J Epidemiol Glob Health 10(1):107\u2013111","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"4817_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0176-8","volume":"15","author":"M Bl\u00fcher","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bl\u00fcher M (2019) Obesity: global epidemiology and pathogenesis. Nat Rev Endocrinol 15(5):288\u2013298","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4817_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-022-00612-y","volume":"19","author":"A Shaukat","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shaukat A, Levin TR (2022) Current and future colorectal cancer screening strategies. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 19(8):521\u2013531","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Colorectal Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00384-025-04817-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00384-025-04817-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00384-025-04817-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T06:40:34Z","timestamp":1739947234000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00384-025-04817-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4817"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00384-025-04817-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-1262"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-1262","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 January 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 February 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study did not require ethical approval.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"46"}}