{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T23:41:34Z","timestamp":1782603694886,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,3]],"date-time":"2019-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559520000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,3]],"date-time":"2019-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Z Gerontol Geriat"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00391-019-01560-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,3]],"date-time":"2019-06-03T09:03:56Z","timestamp":1559552636000},"page":"309-315","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Diagnosis and treatment of cognitive impairment","Diagnose und Behandlung kognitiver St\u00f6rungen"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Christine A. F.","family":"von Arnim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thorsten","family":"Bartsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas H.","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill","family":"Holbrook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Bergmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Zieschang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Cristina","family":"Polidori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Dodel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"1560_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.008","volume":"7","author":"MS Albert","year":"2011","unstructured":"Albert MS, Dekosky ST, Dickson D et al (2011) The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer\u2019s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia 7:270\u2013279","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia"},{"key":"1560_CR2","unstructured":"Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften. S3-Leitlinie: \u201eDemenzen\u201c Stand: 24.01.2016, g\u00fcltig bis 23.01.2021 URL: https:\/\/www.awmf.org\/uploads\/tx_szleitlinien\/038-013l_S3-Demenzen-2016-07.pdf"},{"key":"1560_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005593","author":"J Birks","year":"2006","unstructured":"Birks J (2006) Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD005593","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"1560_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1368-504X.2005.00480.x","volume":"146","author":"J Bond","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bond J, Stave C, Sganga A et\u00a0al (2005) Inequalities in dementia care across Europe: key findings of the Facing Dementia Survey. Int J Clin Pract Suppl 146:8\u201314","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract Suppl"},{"key":"1560_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e318232a379","volume":"70","author":"H Braak","year":"2011","unstructured":"Braak H, Thal DR, Ghebremedhin E et\u00a0al (2011) Stages of the pathologic process in Alzheimer disease: age categories from 1 to 100 years. J\u00a0Neuropathol Exp Neurol 70:960\u2013969","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"1560_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadm.2018.07.003","volume":"10","author":"M Bruun","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bruun M, Rhodius-Meester HFM, Koikkalainen J et al (2018) Evaluating combinations of diagnostic tests to discriminate different dementia types. Alzheimers Dement (amst) 10:509\u2013518","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement (amst)"},{"key":"1560_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s00391-016-1079-0","volume":"50","author":"K Buter","year":"2017","unstructured":"Buter K, Motzek T, Dietz B et al (2017) Dementia-friendly hospital wards : expert recommendations for planning and design. Z\u00a0Gerontol Geriatr 50:67\u201372","journal-title":"Z Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"1560_CR8","first-page":"10","volume":"48","author":"JL Cummings","year":"1997","unstructured":"Cummings JL (1997) The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: assessing psychopathology in dementia patients. Baillieres Clin Neurol 48:10\u201316","journal-title":"Baillieres Clin Neurol"},{"key":"1560_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70090-0","volume":"13","author":"B Dubois","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dubois B, Feldman HH, Jacova C et al (2014) Advancing research diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: the IWG-2 criteria. Lancet Neurol 13:614\u2013629","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"1560_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617710000822","volume":"16","author":"MM Ehrensperger","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ehrensperger MM, Berres M, Taylor KI et\u00a0al (2010) Early detection of Alzheimer\u2019s disease with a\u00a0total score of the German CERAD. J\u00a0Int Neuropsychol Soc 16:910\u2013920","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"1560_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.02.009","volume":"7","author":"S Gillette-Guyonnet","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gillette-Guyonnet S, Andrieu S, Nourhashemi F et al (2011) Long-term progression of Alzheimer\u2019s disease in patients under antidementia drugs. Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia 7:579\u2013592","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia"},{"key":"1560_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-310090","volume":"86","author":"L Harper","year":"2015","unstructured":"Harper L, Barkhof F, Fox NC et\u00a0al (2015) Using visual rating to diagnose dementia: a\u00a0critical evaluation of MRI atrophy scales. J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 86:1225\u20131233","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr"},{"key":"1560_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.02.018","volume":"14","author":"CR Jack Jr.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jack CR Jr., Bennett DA, Blennow K et al (2018) NIA-AA research framework: toward a\u00a0biological definition of alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia 14:535\u2013562","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia"},{"key":"1560_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0067-3","volume":"19","author":"W Jagust","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jagust W (2018) Imaging the evolution and pathophysiology of Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 19:687\u2013700","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"1560_CR15","first-page":"535","volume":"85","author":"CH Kawas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kawas CH, Kim RC, Sonnen JA et al (2015) Multiple pathologies are common and related to dementia in the oldest-old: The 90+ Study. Baillieres Clin Neurol 85:535\u2013542","journal-title":"Baillieres Clin Neurol"},{"key":"1560_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.06.006","volume":"12","author":"MR Khanna","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khanna MR, Kovalevich J, Lee VM et\u00a0al (2016) Therapeutic strategies for the treatment of tauopathies: hopes and challenges. Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia 12:1051\u20131065","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia"},{"key":"1560_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-018-0984-z","volume":"18","author":"N Legdeur","year":"2018","unstructured":"Legdeur N, Badissi M, Carter SF et al (2018) Resilience to cognitive impairment in the oldest-old: design of the EMIF-AD 90+ study. BMC Geriatr 18:289","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"1560_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31363-6","volume":"390","author":"G Livingston","year":"2017","unstructured":"Livingston G, Sommerlad A, Orgeta V et\u00a0al (2017) Dementia prevention, intervention, and care. Lancet 390:2673\u20132734","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1560_CR19","first-page":"88","volume":"89","author":"IG Mckeith","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mckeith IG, Boeve BF, Dickson DW et\u00a0al (2017) Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: fourth consensus report of the DLB consortium. Baillieres Clin Neurol 89:88\u2013100","journal-title":"Baillieres Clin Neurol"},{"key":"1560_CR20","first-page":"939","volume":"34","author":"G Mckhann","year":"1984","unstructured":"Mckhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M et al (1984) Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Baillieres Clin Neurol 34:939\u2013944","journal-title":"Baillieres Clin Neurol"},{"key":"1560_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.005","volume":"7","author":"GM Mckhann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mckhann GM, Knopman DS, Chertkow H et al (2011) The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer\u2019s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia 7:263\u2013269","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia"},{"key":"1560_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","volume":"53","author":"ZS Nasreddine","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bedirian V et\u00a0al (2005) The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a\u00a0brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J\u00a0Am Geriatr Soc 53:695\u2013699","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"1560_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2007.06.012","volume":"44","author":"M Otto","year":"2008","unstructured":"Otto M, Lewczuk P, Wiltfang J (2008) Neurochemical approaches of cerebrospinal fluid diagnostics in neurodegenerative diseases. Methods 44:289\u2013298","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"1560_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1007\/s12263-013-0382-2","volume":"9","author":"MC Polidori","year":"2014","unstructured":"Polidori MC, Schulz RJ (2014) Nutritional contributions to dementia prevention: main issues on antioxidant micronutrients. Genes Nutr 9:382","journal-title":"Genes Nutr"},{"key":"1560_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2001-3606","volume":"3","author":"MC Polidori","year":"2001","unstructured":"Polidori MC, Menculini G, Senin U et\u00a0al (2001) Dementia, depression and parkinsonism: a frequent association in the elderly. J\u00a0Alzheimer\u2019s Dis 3:553\u2013562","journal-title":"J Alzheimer\u2019s Dis"},{"key":"1560_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70043-0","volume":"9","author":"JO Rinne","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rinne JO, Brooks DJ, Rossor MN et al (2010) 11C-PiB PET assessment of change in fibrillar amyloid-beta load in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease treated with bapineuzumab: a\u00a0phase 2, double-blind, placebo-controlled, ascending-dose study. Lancet Neurol 9:363\u2013372","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"1560_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.050051","volume":"173","author":"K Rockwood","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rockwood K, Song X, Macknight C et\u00a0al (2005) A global clinical measure of fitness and frailty in elderly people. CMAJ 173:489\u2013495","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"1560_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2012.01.002","volume":"9","author":"SD Rountree","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rountree SD, Atri A, Lopez OL et\u00a0al (2013) Effectiveness of antidementia drugs in delaying Alzheimer\u2019s disease progression. Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia 9:338\u2013345","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia"},{"key":"1560_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1304839","volume":"370","author":"S Salloway","year":"2014","unstructured":"Salloway S, Sperling R, Brashear HR (2014) Phase 3 trials of solanezumab and bapineuzumab for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. N\u00a0Engl J Med 370:1460","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1560_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/nature19323","volume":"537","author":"J Sevigny","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sevigny J, Chiao P, Bussiere T et\u00a0al (2016) The antibody aducanumab reduces Abeta plaques in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Nature 537:50\u201356","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1560_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-018-2711-5","volume":"61","author":"S Stock","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stock S, Ihle P, Simic D et\u00a0al (2018) Prevalence of dementia of insured persons with and without German citizenship : a study based on statuatory health insurance data. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 61:404\u2013411","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz"},{"key":"1560_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-018-0438-z","volume":"10","author":"M Ten Kate","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ten Kate M, Ingala S, Schwarz AJ et\u00a0al (2018) Secondary prevention of Alzheimer\u2019s dementia: neuroimaging contributions. Alzheimer\u2019s Res Ther 10:112","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Res Ther"},{"key":"1560_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-018-0428-1","volume":"10","author":"M Ten Kate","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ten Kate M, Redolfi A, Peira E et al (2018) MRI predictors of amyloid pathology: results from the EMIF-AD Multimodal Biomarker Discovery study. Alzheimer\u2019s Res Ther 10:100","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Res Ther"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"1560_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-013-0449-5","volume":"263","author":"DR Thal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Thal DR, Von Arnim C, Griffin WS et\u00a0al (2013) Pathology of clinical and preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 263(Suppl 2):137\u2013145","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"1560_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"001140","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.114.001140","volume":"4","author":"JM Wardlaw","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wardlaw JM, Valdes Hernandez MC, Munoz-Maniega S (2015) What are white matter hyperintensities made of? Relevance to vascular cognitive impairment. J\u00a0Am Heart Assoc 4:1140","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"1560_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm112","volume":"130","author":"JL Whitwell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Whitwell JL, Przybelski SA, Weigand SD et\u00a0al (2007) 3D maps from multiple MRI illustrate changing atrophy patterns as subjects progress from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Brain 130:1777\u20131786","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1560_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00391-018-1439-z","volume-title":"Special care units for patients with cognitive impairment : results of a\u00a0nationwide survey in geriatric hospitals in","author":"T Zieschang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zieschang T, Bauer J, Kopf D et\u00a0al (2018) Special care units for patients with cognitive impairment : results of a\u00a0nationwide survey in geriatric hospitals in Germany. Z\u00a0Gerontol Geriatr. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00391-018-1439-z"}],"container-title":["Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Gerontologie und Geriatrie"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00391-019-01560-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00391-019-01560-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00391-019-01560-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]],"date-time":"2020-12-16T21:22:02Z","timestamp":1608153722000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00391-019-01560-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,3]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}},"alternative-id":["1560"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00391-019-01560-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0948-6704","1435-1269"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0948-6704","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-1269","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 April 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 May 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 June 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical guidelines"}},{"value":"C.A.F.\u00a0von Arnim received honoraria from serving on the scientific advisory board of Nutricia GmbH (2014) and Honkong University Research Council (2014) and has received funding for travel and speaker honoraria from Nutricia GmbH (2014\u201315), Lilly Deutschland GmbH (2013\u20132016), Desitin Arzneimittel GmbH (2014), Biogen (2016\u20132018), Roche (2017\u20132018) and Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH &Co. KG (2014\u20132015). T.\u00a0Bartsch, A.H.\u00a0Jacobs, J.\u00a0Holbrook, P.\u00a0Bergmann, T.\u00a0Zieschang, M.C.\u00a0Polidori and R.\u00a0Dodel declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"For this article no studies with human participants or animals were performed by any of the authors. All studies performed were in accordance with the ethical standards indicated in each case.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}