{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T17:59:27Z","timestamp":1771264767736,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]],"date-time":"2021-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616457600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]],"date-time":"2021-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008001","name":"Universit\u00e4t zu K\u00f6ln","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Res Cardiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) and heart failure with severely reduced ejection fraction, prediction of postprocedural left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) improvement is challenging. Decision-making and timing for implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) treatment are difficult and benefit is still unclear in this patient population.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Aims of the study were to analyse long-term overall mortality in TAVI-patients with a preprocedural LVEF\u2009\u2264\u200935% regarding LVEF improvement and effect of ICD therapy.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Retrospective analysis of a high-risk TAVI-population suffering from severe AS and heart failure with\u00a0a LVEF\u2009\u2264\u200935%. Out of 1485 TAVI-patients treated at this center between January 2013 and April 2018, 120 patients revealed a preprocedural LVEF\u2009\u2264\u200935% and had sufficient follow-up. 36.7% (44\/120) of the patients suffered from persistent reduced LVEF without a postprocedural increase above 35% within 1 year after TAVI or before death, respectively. Overall mortality was neither significantly reduced by LVEF recovery above 35% (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.31) nor by additional ICD treatment in patients with persistent LVEF\u2009\u2264\u200935% (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.33).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In high-risk TAVI-patients suffering from heart failure with LVEF\u2009\u2264\u200935%, LVEF improvement to more than 35% did not reduce overall mortality. Patients with postprocedural persistent LVEF reduction did not seem to benefit from ICD treatment. Effects of LVEF improvement and ICD treatment on mortality are masked by the competing risk of death from relevant comorbidities.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphic abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-021-01826-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]],"date-time":"2021-03-23T18:03:58Z","timestamp":1616522638000},"page":"492-501","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Is there a benefit of ICD treatment in patients with persistent severely reduced systolic left ventricular function after TAVI?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1336-6031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard J.","family":"Nies","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Frerker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matti","family":"Adam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elmar","family":"Kuhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Mauri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felix S.","family":"Nettersheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Braumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thorsten","family":"Wahlers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Baldus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"1826_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1814052","volume":"380","author":"MJ Mack","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mack MJ, Leon MB, Thourani VH, Makkar R, Kodali SK, Russo M, Kapadia SR, Malaisrie SC, Cohen DJ, Pibarot P, Leipsic J, Hahn RT, Blanke P, Williams MR, McCabe JM, Brown DL, Babaliaros V, Goldman S, Szeto WY, Genereux P, Pershad A, Pocock SJ, Alu MC, Webb JG, Smith CR, Investigators P (2019) Transcatheter aortic-valve replacement with a balloon-expandable valve in low-risk patients. N Engl J Med 380:1695\u20131705","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1826_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1169","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-18-00098","volume":"14","author":"F D'Ascenzo","year":"2018","unstructured":"D\u2019Ascenzo F, Verardi R, Visconti M, Conrotto F, Scacciatella P, Dziewierz A, Stefanini GG, Paradis JM, Omede P, Kodali S, D\u2019Amico M, Rinaldi M, Salizzoni S (2018) Independent impact of extent of coronary artery disease and percutaneous revascularisation on 30-day and one-year mortality after TAVI: a meta-analysis of adjusted observational results. EuroIntervention 14:e1169\u2013e1177","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"1826_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv316","volume":"36","author":"SG Priori","year":"2015","unstructured":"Priori SG, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Mazzanti A, Blom N, Borggrefe M, Camm J, Elliott PM, Fitzsimons D, Hatala R, Hindricks G, Kirchhof P, Kjeldsen K, Kuck KH, Hernandez-Madrid A, Nikolaou N, Norekval TM, Spaulding C, Van Veldhuisen DJ, Group ESCSD (2015) 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: the task force for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC). Eur Heart J 36:2793\u20132867","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"1826_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.11.047","volume":"65","author":"MA Clavel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Clavel MA, Berthelot-Richer M, Le Ven F, Capoulade R, Dahou A, Dumesnil JG, Mathieu P, Pibarot P (2015) Impact of classic and paradoxical low flow on survival after aortic valve replacement for severe aortic stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 65:645\u2013653","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"1826_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa013474","volume":"346","author":"AJ Moss","year":"2002","unstructured":"Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, Klein H, Wilber DJ, Cannom DS, Daubert JP, Higgins SL, Brown MW, Andrews ML, Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial III (2002) Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 346:877\u2013883","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1826_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1608029","volume":"375","author":"L Kober","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kober L, Thune JJ, Nielsen JC, Haarbo J, Videbaek L, Korup E, Jensen G, Hildebrandt P, Steffensen FH, Bruun NE, Eiskjaer H, Brandes A, Thogersen AM, Gustafsson F, Egstrup K, Videbaek R, Hassager C, Svendsen JH, Hofsten DE, Torp-Pedersen C, Pehrson S, Investigators D (2016) Defibrillator implantation in patients with nonischemic systolic heart failure. N Engl J Med 375:1221\u20131230","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1826_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.026056","volume":"135","author":"H Golwala","year":"2017","unstructured":"Golwala H, Bajaj NS, Arora G, Arora P (2017) Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for nonischemic cardiomyopathy: an updated meta-analysis. Circulation 135:201\u2013203","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1826_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e003425","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.115.003425","volume":"9","author":"HL Dauerman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dauerman HL, Reardon MJ, Popma JJ, Little SH, Cavalcante JL, Adams DH, Kleiman NS, Oh JK (2016) Early recovery of left ventricular systolic function after corevalve transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 9:e003425","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Interv"},{"key":"1826_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx391","volume":"38","author":"H Baumgartner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Baumgartner H, Falk V, Bax JJ, De Bonis M, Hamm C, Holm PJ, Iung B, Lancellotti P, Lansac E, Rodriguez Munoz D, Rosenhek R, Sjogren J, Tornos Mas P, Vahanian A, Walther T, Wendler O, Windecker S, Zamorano JL, Group ESCSD (2017) 2017 ESC\/EACTS guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease. Eur Heart J 38:2739\u20132791","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"1826_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2403","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs255","volume":"33","author":"AP Kappetein","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kappetein AP, Head SJ, Genereux P, Piazza N, van Mieghem NM, Blackstone EH, Brott TG, Cohen DJ, Cutlip DE, van Es GA, Hahn RT, Kirtane AJ, Krucoff MW, Kodali S, Mack MJ, Mehran R, Rodes-Cabau J, Vranckx P, Webb JG, Windecker S, Serruys PW, Leon MB (2012) Updated standardized endpoint definitions for transcatheter aortic valve implantation: the Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 consensus document. Eur Heart J 33:2403\u20132418","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"1826_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1002\/pst.433","volume":"10","author":"PC Austin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Austin PC (2011) Optimal caliper widths for propensity-score matching when estimating differences in means and differences in proportions in observational studies. Pharm Stat 10:150\u2013161","journal-title":"Pharm Stat"},{"key":"1826_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e011168","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.011168","volume":"8","author":"K Sato","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sato K, Sankaramangalam K, Kandregula K, Bullen JA, Kapadia SR, Krishnaswamy A, Mick S, Rodriguez LL, Grimm RA, Menon V, Desai MY, Svensson LG, Griffin BP, Popovic ZB (2019) Contemporary outcomes in low-gradient aortic stenosis patients who underwent dobutamine stress echocardiography. J Am Heart Assoc 8:e011168","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"1826_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.01.054","volume":"71","author":"HB Ribeiro","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ribeiro HB, Lerakis S, Gilard M, Cavalcante JL, Makkar R, Herrmann HC, Windecker S, Enriquez-Sarano M, Cheema AN, Nombela-Franco L, Amat-Santos I, Munoz-Garcia AJ, Garcia Del Blanco B, Zajarias A, Lisko JC, Hayek S, Babaliaros V, Le Ven F, Gleason TG, Chakravarty T, Szeto WY, Clavel MA, de Agustin A, Serra V, Schindler JT, Dahou A, Puri R, Pelletier-Beaumont E, Cote M, Pibarot P, Rodes-Cabau J (2018) Transcatheter aortic valve replacement in patients with low-flow, low-gradient aortic stenosis: the TOPAS-TAVI registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 71:1297\u20131308","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"1826_CR14","first-page":"132","volume":"26","author":"Y Elhmidi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Elhmidi Y, Bleiziffer S, Deutsch MA, Krane M, Mazzitelli D, Lange R, Piazza N (2014) Transcatheter aortic valve implantation in patients with LV dysfunction: impact on mortality and predictors of LV function recovery. J Invasive Cardiol 26:132\u2013138","journal-title":"J Invasive Cardiol"},{"key":"1826_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.847772","volume":"120","author":"F Weidemann","year":"2009","unstructured":"Weidemann F, Herrmann S, Stork S, Niemann M, Frantz S, Lange V, Beer M, Gattenlohner S, Voelker W, Ertl G, Strotmann JM (2009) Impact of myocardial fibrosis in patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis. Circulation 120:577\u2013584","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1826_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa033","volume":"41","author":"M Puls","year":"2020","unstructured":"Puls M, Beuthner BE, Topci R, Vogelgesang A, Bleckmann A, Sitte M, Lange T, Backhaus SJ, Schuster A, Seidler T, Kutschka I, Toischer K, Zeisberg EM, Jacobshagen C, Hasenfuss G (2020) Impact of myocardial fibrosis on left ventricular remodelling, recovery, and outcome after transcatheter aortic valve implantation in different haemodynamic subtypes of severe aortic stenosis. Eur Heart J 41:1903\u20131914","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"1826_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.028352","volume":"136","author":"V Auffret","year":"2017","unstructured":"Auffret V, Puri R, Urena M, Chamandi C, Rodriguez-Gabella T, Philippon F, Rodes-Cabau J (2017) Conduction disturbances after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: current status and future perspectives. Circulation 136:1049\u20131069","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1826_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e004838","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.117.004838","volume":"10","author":"MD Saybolt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Saybolt MD, Fiorilli PN, Gertz ZM, Herrmann HC (2017) Low-flow severe aortic stenosis: evolving role of transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 10:e004838","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Interv"},{"key":"1826_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.01.047","volume":"61","author":"G Athappan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Athappan G, Patvardhan E, Tuzcu EM, Svensson LG, Lemos PA, Fraccaro C, Tarantini G, Sinning JM, Nickenig G, Capodanno D, Tamburino C, Latib A, Colombo A, Kapadia SR (2013) Incidence, predictors, and outcomes of aortic regurgitation after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: meta-analysis and systematic review of literature. J Am Coll Cardiol 61:1585\u20131595","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"1826_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJV8I1A20","volume":"8","author":"H Eggebrecht","year":"2012","unstructured":"Eggebrecht H, Schmermund A, Voigtlander T, Kahlert P, Erbel R, Mehta RH (2012) Risk of stroke after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI): a meta-analysis of 10,037 published patients. EuroIntervention 8:129\u2013138","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"1826_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv756","volume":"37","author":"R Puri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Puri R, Iung B, Cohen DJ, Rodes-Cabau J (2016) TAVI or no TAVI: identifying patients unlikely to benefit from transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Eur Heart J 37:2217\u20132225","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"1826_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.5603\/CJ.2011.0005","volume":"18","author":"MH Kong","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kong MH, Al-Khatib SM, Sanders GD, Hasselblad V, Peterson ED (2011) Use of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators for primary prevention in older patients: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Cardiol J 18:503\u2013514","journal-title":"Cardiol J"},{"key":"1826_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050496","volume":"352","author":"JG Cleland","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cleland JG, Daubert JC, Erdmann E, Freemantle N, Gras D, Kappenberger L, Tavazzi L, Cardiac Resynchronization-Heart Failure Study I (2005) The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure. N Engl J Med 352:1539\u20131549","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1826_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.09.016","volume":"46","author":"P Carson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Carson P, Anand I, O\u2019Connor C, Jaski B, Steinberg J, Lwin A, Lindenfeld J, Ghali J, Barnet JH, Feldman AM, Bristow MR (2005) Mode of death in advanced heart failure: the Comparison of Medical, Pacing, and Defibrillation Therapies in Heart Failure (COMPANION) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 46:2329\u20132334","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"1826_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.002539","author":"S Barra","year":"2015","unstructured":"Barra S, Providencia R, Tang A, Heck P, Virdee M, Agarwal S (2015) Importance of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator back-up in cardiac resynchronization therapy recipients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/JAHA.115.002539","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"1826_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.01.044","volume":"69","author":"WC Levy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Levy WC (2017) Should nonischemic CRT candidates receive CRT-P or CRT-D? J Am Coll Cardiol 69:1679\u20131682","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"1826_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-153-9-201011020-00009","volume":"153","author":"P Santangeli","year":"2010","unstructured":"Santangeli P, Di Biase L, Dello Russo A, Casella M, Bartoletti S, Santarelli P, Pelargonio G, Natale A (2010) Meta-analysis: age and effectiveness of prophylactic implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Ann Intern Med 153:592\u2013599","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"1826_CR28","first-page":"802","volume":"19","author":"S Saba","year":"2017","unstructured":"Saba S, Adelstein E, Wold N, Stein K, Jones P (2017) Influence of patients\u2019 age at implantation on mortality and defibrillator shocks. Europace 19:802\u2013807","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"1826_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euu296","volume":"17","author":"S Barra","year":"2015","unstructured":"Barra S, Providencia R, Paiva L, Heck P, Agarwal S (2015) Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in the elderly: rationale and specific age-related considerations. Europace 17:174\u2013186","journal-title":"Europace"}],"container-title":["Clinical Research in Cardiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00392-021-01826-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00392-021-01826-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00392-021-01826-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]],"date-time":"2022-04-29T08:10:21Z","timestamp":1651219821000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00392-021-01826-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["1826"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00392-021-01826-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1861-0684","1861-0692"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1861-0684","type":"print"},{"value":"1861-0692","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 September 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 February 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 March 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Christian Frerker received travel grants, lecture honoraria and proctor fees from Edwards Lifesciences, Medtronic Inc., Boston Scientific, Abbott Vascular and Biotronik. Matti Adam received personal fees and grants from Edwards Lifesciences, Medtronic Inc. and Boston Scientific. Tobias Schmidt received travel grants and lecture honoraria from Edwards Lifesciences, Medtronic Inc. and Boston Scientific. Stephan Baldus received research grants and lecture honoraria from Edwards Lifesciences, Abbott Vascular, Boston Scientific and JenaValve. The other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was obtained from the institutional ethics and research committee of the University of Cologne (19-1032) in the view of the retrospective nature of the study and all the procedures being performed were part of the routine care.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent"}}]}}