{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T16:40:25Z","timestamp":1781023225301,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684972800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006279","name":"St. Jude Medical","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006279","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Res Cardiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia which has been associated with increased sympathetic nervous system activity and hypertension. Recent evidence indicated that renal sympathetic denervation (RDN) could safely contribute to an improvement in AF burden.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To investigate the long-term safety and efficacy of radiofrequency RDN in hypertensive patients with symptomatic AF.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This pilot study included patients with symptomatic paroxysmal or persistent AF (European Hearth Rhythm Association class\u2009\u2265\u2009II) despite optimal medical therapy, office systolic blood pressure (BP)\u2009\u2265\u2009140\u00a0mmHg and\u2009\u2265\u20092 antihypertensive drugs. AF burden was measured using an implantable cardiac monitor (ICM), implanted 3\u00a0months prior to RDN. ICM interrogation and 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring were performed at baseline and at 3\/6\/12\/24\/36\u00a0months post RDN. The primary efficacy outcome was daily AF burden. Statistical analyses were performed using Poisson and negative binomial models.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 20 patients with a median age [25th\u201375th percentiles] of 66.2 [61.2\u201370.8] years (55% female) were included. At baseline, office BP\u2009\u00b1\u2009standard deviation (SD) was 153.8\/87.5\u2009\u00b1\u200915.2\/10.4\u00a0mmHg, while mean 24-h ambulatory BP was 129.5\/77.3\u2009\u00b1\u200915.5\/9.3\u00a0mmHg. Baseline daily AF burden was 1.4 [0.0\u201310.9] minutes\/day and throughout a 3-year follow-up period, no significant change was observed (\u2212\u00a015.4%\/year; 95% confidence interval (CI) \u2212\u00a050.2%,\u2009+\u200943.7%; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.54). The number of defined daily doses of antiarrhythmic drugs and antihypertensive drugs remained stable over time, while mean 24-h ambulatory systolic BP decreased with \u2212\u00a02.2 (95% CI \u2212\u00a03.9, \u2212\u00a00.6; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01) mmHg\/year.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In patients with hypertension and symptomatic AF, stand-alone RDN reduced BP but did not significantly reduce AF burden up until 3\u00a0years of follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-023-02222-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T17:01:47Z","timestamp":1685034107000},"page":"1766-1777","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Long-term safety and efficacy of renal sympathetic denervation in atrial fibrillation: 3-year results of the AFFORD study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"112","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0029-4064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor J. M.","family":"Zeijen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5160-9700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominic A.","family":"Theuns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9081-5518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lida","family":"Feyz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9375-207X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kari A.","family":"Saville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4222-6361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rohit","family":"Bhagwandien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2115-9745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabella","family":"Kardys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2732-1205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas M.","family":"Van Mieghem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8628-1410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joost","family":"Daemen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"2222_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.005119","volume":"129","author":"SS Chugh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chugh SS, Havmoeller R, Narayanan K, Singh D, Rienstra M, Benjamin EJ et al (2014) Worldwide epidemiology of atrial fibrillation: a Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study. Circulation 129(8):837\u2013847","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"9","key":"2222_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.309732","volume":"120","author":"L Staerk","year":"2017","unstructured":"Staerk L, Sherer JA, Ko D, Benjamin EJ, Helm RH (2017) Atrial fibrillation: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical outcomes. Circ Res 120(9):1501\u20131517","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"10159","key":"2222_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32335-3","volume":"392","author":"GBD DALYs","year":"2018","unstructured":"DALYs GBD, Collaborators H (2018) Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 392(10159):1859\u20131922","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"2222_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjqcco\/qcaa061","volume":"7","author":"H Dai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dai H, Zhang Q, Much AA, Maor E, Segev A, Beinart R et al (2021) Global, regional, and national prevalence, incidence, mortality, and risk factors for atrial fibrillation, 1990\u20132017: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes 7(6):574\u2013582","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes"},{"issue":"5","key":"2222_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa612","volume":"42","author":"G Hindricks","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hindricks G, Potpara T, Dagres N, Arbelo E, Bax JJ, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C et al (2021) 2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS): The Task Force for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J 42(5):373\u2013498","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2222_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.114.001303","volume":"8","author":"JV Freeman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Freeman JV, Simon DN, Go AS, Spertus J, Fonarow GC, Gersh BJ et al (2015) Association between atrial fibrillation symptoms, quality of life, and patient outcomes: results from the outcomes registry for better informed treatment of atrial fibrillation (ORBIT-AF). Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 8(4):393\u2013402","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"},{"issue":"9981","key":"2222_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61942-5","volume":"385","author":"M Azizi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Azizi M, Sapoval M, Gosse P, Monge M, Bobrie G, Delsart P et al (2015) Optimum and stepped care standardised antihypertensive treatment with or without renal denervation for resistant hypertension (DENERHTN): a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 385(9981):1957\u20131965","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10137","key":"2222_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31082-1","volume":"391","author":"M Azizi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Azizi M, Schmieder RE, Mahfoud F, Weber MA, Daemen J, Davies J et al (2018) Endovascular ultrasound renal denervation to treat hypertension (RADIANCE-HTN SOLO): a multicentre, international, single-blind, randomised, sham-controlled trial. Lancet 391(10137):2335\u20132345","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10293","key":"2222_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2476","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00788-1","volume":"397","author":"M Azizi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Azizi M, Sanghvi K, Saxena M, Gosse P, Reilly JP, Levy T et al (2021) Ultrasound renal denervation for hypertension resistant to a triple medication pill (RADIANCE-HTN TRIO): a randomised, multicentre, single-blind, sham-controlled trial. Lancet 397(10293):2476\u20132486","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10137","key":"2222_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30951-6","volume":"391","author":"DE Kandzari","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kandzari DE, Bohm M, Mahfoud F, Townsend RR, Weber MA, Pocock S et al (2018) Effect of renal denervation on blood pressure in the presence of antihypertensive drugs: 6-month efficacy and safety results from the SPYRAL HTN-ON MED proof-of-concept randomised trial. Lancet 391(10137):2346\u20132355","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10234","key":"2222_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30554-7","volume":"395","author":"M Bohm","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bohm M, Kario K, Kandzari DE, Mahfoud F, Weber MA, Schmieder RE et al (2020) Efficacy of catheter-based renal denervation in the absence of antihypertensive medications (SPYRAL HTN-OFF MED Pivotal): a multicentre, randomised, sham-controlled trial. Lancet 395(10234):1444\u20131451","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"2222_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.0713","volume":"329","author":"M Azizi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Azizi M, Saxena M, Wang Y, Jenkins JS, Devireddy C, Rader F et al (2023) Endovascular ultrasound renal denervation to treat hypertension: the RADIANCE II Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 329(8):651\u2013661","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2222_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirtane AJ, Sharp ASP, Mahfoud F, Fisher NDL, Schmieder RE, Daemen J et al (2023) Patient-level pooled analysis of ultrasound renal denervation in the sham-controlled RADIANCE II, RADIANCE-HTN SOLO, and RADIANCE-HTN TRIO trials. JAMA Cardiol 8(5):464\u2013473","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2023.0338"},{"issue":"10","key":"2222_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1038\/s41371-022-00658-0","volume":"36","author":"K Nawar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nawar K, Mohammad A, Johns EJ, Abdulla MH (2022) Renal denervation for atrial fibrillation: a comprehensive updated systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hum Hypertens 36(10):887\u2013897","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"2222_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2022.06.031","volume":"19","author":"M Heradien","year":"2022","unstructured":"Heradien M, Mahfoud F, Greyling C, Lauder L, van der Bijl P, Hettrick DA et al (2022) Renal denervation prevents subclinical atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertensive heart disease: randomized, sham-controlled trial. Heart Rhythm 19:1765\u20131773","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"issue":"6","key":"2222_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-018-1391-3","volume":"108","author":"L Feyz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Feyz L, Theuns DA, Bhagwandien R, Strachinaru M, Kardys I, Van Mieghem NM et al (2019) Atrial fibrillation reduction by renal sympathetic denervation: 12 months\u2019 results of the AFFORD study. Clin Res Cardiol 108(6):634\u2013642","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol"},{"key":"2222_CR17","unstructured":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology. DDD\u2014definition and general considerations: WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology; 2018 [updated 2018\/07\/02]. https:\/\/www.whocc.no\/ddd\/definition_and_general_considera\/. Accessed 16 May 2022"},{"issue":"4","key":"2222_CR18","first-page":"264","volume":"20","author":"P Tailachidis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tailachidis P, Tsimtsiou Z, Galanis P, Theodorou M, Kouvelas D, Athanasakis K (2016) The Atrial Fibrillation Effect on QualiTy-of-Life (AFEQT) questionnaire: cultural adaptation and validation of the Greek version. Hippokratia 20(4):264\u2013267","journal-title":"Hippokratia"},{"key":"2222_CR19","unstructured":"R Core Team (2022) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing"},{"key":"2222_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2846","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.897333","volume":"22","author":"P Yang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yang P, Pu L, Yang L, Li F, Luo Z, Guo T et al (2016) Value of implantable loop recorders in monitoring efficacy of radiofrequency catheter ablation in atrial fibrillation. Med Sci Monit 22:2846\u20132851","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"issue":"12","key":"2222_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.13089","volume":"27","author":"G Nolker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nolker G, Mayer J, Boldt LH, Seidl K, Vand V, Massa T et al (2016) Performance of an implantable cardiac monitor to detect atrial fibrillation: results of the DETECT AF study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 27(12):1403\u20131410","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2222_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2029980","volume":"384","author":"JG Andrade","year":"2021","unstructured":"Andrade JG, Wells GA, Deyell MW, Bennett M, Essebag V, Champagne J et al (2021) Cryoablation or drug therapy for initial treatment of atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 384(4):305\u2013315","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"2222_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.0335","volume":"321","author":"C Blomstrom-Lundqvist","year":"2019","unstructured":"Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Gizurarson S, Schwieler J, Jensen SM, Bergfeldt L, Kenneback G et al (2019) Effect of catheter ablation vs antiarrhythmic medication on quality of life in patients with atrial fibrillation: the CAPTAF Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 321(11):1059\u20131068","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"22","key":"2222_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.042622","volume":"140","author":"JG Andrade","year":"2019","unstructured":"Andrade JG, Champagne J, Dubuc M, Deyell MW, Verma A, Macle L et al (2019) Cryoballoon or radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation assessed by continuous monitoring: a randomized clinical trial. Circulation 140(22):1779\u20131788","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"7","key":"2222_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1111\/pace.14282","volume":"44","author":"N Sulke","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sulke N, Dulai R, Freemantle N, Sugihara C, Podd S, Eysenck W et al (2021) Long term outcomes of percutaneous atrial fibrillation ablation in patients with continuous monitoring. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 44(7):1176\u20131184","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"2222_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2021.08.006","volume":"242","author":"MP Bonnesen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bonnesen MP, Diederichsen SZ, Isaksen JL, Frederiksen KS, Hasselbalch SG, Haugan KJ et al (2021) Atrial fibrillation burden and cognitive decline in elderly patients undergoing continuous monitoring. Am Heart J 242:15\u201323","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"19","key":"2222_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044407","volume":"141","author":"SZ Diederichsen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Diederichsen SZ, Haugan KJ, Kronborg C, Graff C, Hojberg S, Kober L et al (2020) Comprehensive evaluation of rhythm monitoring strategies in screening for atrial fibrillation: insights from patients at risk monitored long term with an implantable loop recorder. Circulation 141(19):1510\u20131522","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"10","key":"2222_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euac059","volume":"24","author":"C Jiang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jiang C, Lai Y, Du X, Wang Y, Li S, He L et al (2022) Effects of intensive blood pressure control on cardiovascular and cognitive outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation: insights from the SPRINT trial. Europace 24(10):1560\u20131568","journal-title":"Europace"},{"issue":"6","key":"2222_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003599","volume":"18","author":"AC Pinho-Gomes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pinho-Gomes AC, Azevedo L, Copland E, Canoy D, Nazarzadeh M, Ramakrishnan R et al (2021) Blood pressure-lowering treatment for the prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with atrial fibrillation: An individual participant data meta-analysis. PLoS Med 18(6):e1003599","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"2222_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.057687","volume":"145","author":"DE Kandzari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kandzari DE, Mahfoud F, Weber MA, Townsend R, Parati G, Fisher NDL et al (2022) Clinical trial design principles and outcomes definitions for device-based therapies for hypertension: a consensus document from the hypertension academic research consortium. Circulation 145(11):847\u2013863","journal-title":"Circulation"}],"container-title":["Clinical Research in Cardiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00392-023-02222-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00392-023-02222-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00392-023-02222-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T16:57:12Z","timestamp":1701795432000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00392-023-02222-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2222"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00392-023-02222-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1861-0684","1861-0692"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1861-0684","type":"print"},{"value":"1861-0692","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 April 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 May 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 May 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Nicolas Van Mieghem received institutional grant\/research support from Abbott, Abiomed, Boston Scientific, Biotronic, Daiichi Sankyo, Edwards Lifesciences, Medtronic, Pulsecath BV, and consultancy and speaker fees from Abbott, Abiomed, Amgen, Boston Scientific, Daiichi Sankyo, Jenavalve and Medtronic. Joost Daemen received institutional grant\/research support from ACIST Medical, Abbott Vascular, Boston Scientific, Medtronic, Microport, Pie Medical, and ReCor medical, and consultancy and speaker fees from Abbott Vascular, Abiomed, ACIST medical, Boston Scientific, Cardialysis BV, CardiacBooster, Kaminari Medical, Medtronic, PulseCath, Pie Medical, ReCor Medical, Sanofi and Siemens Health Care. All other authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}