{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T13:24:57Z","timestamp":1791465897848,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712534400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010447","name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Herz-Kreislaufforschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81Z0710102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81Z0710102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010447","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002839","name":"Charit\u00e9 - Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002839","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Res Cardiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Growth hormone (GH) resistance is characterized by high GH levels but low levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and growth hormone binding protein (GHBP) and, for patients with chronic disease, is associated with the development of cachexia.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We investigated whether GH resistance is associated with changes in left ventricular (LV) mass (cardiac wasting) in patients with cancer.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We measured plasma IGF-I, GH, and GHBP in 159 women and 148 men with cancer (83% stage III\/IV). Patients were grouped by tertile of echocardiographic LVmass\/height<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> (women,\u2009&lt;\u200950, 50\u201361,\u2009&gt;\u200961\u00a0g\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>; men,\u2009&lt;\u200960, 60\u201374,\u2009&gt;\u200974\u00a0g\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) and by presence of wasting syndrome with unintentional weight loss (BMI\u2009&lt;\u200924\u00a0kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> and weight loss\u2009\u2265\u20095% in the prior 12\u00a0months). Repeat echocardiograms were obtained usually within 3\u20136\u00a0months for 85 patients.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Patients in the lowest LVmass\/height<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> tertile had higher plasma GH (median (IQR) for 1<jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup>, 2<jats:sup>nd<\/jats:sup>, and 3<jats:sup>rd<\/jats:sup> tertile women, 1.8 (0.9\u20134.2), 0.8 (0.2\u20132.2), 0.5 (0.3\u20131.6) ng\/mL, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.029; men, 2.1 (0.8\u20133.2), 0.6 (0.1\u20131.7), 0.7 (0.2\u20131.9) ng\/mL, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003). Among women, lower LVmass was associated with higher plasma IGF-I (68 (48\u2013116), 72 (48\u201395), 49 (35\u201376) ng\/mL, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.007), whereas such association did not exist for men. Patients with lower LVmass had lower log IGF-I\/GH ratio (women, 1.60\u2009\u00b1\u20090.09, 2.02\u2009\u00b1\u20090.09, 1.88\u2009\u00b1\u20090.09, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.004; men, 1.64\u2009\u00b1\u20090.09, 2.14\u2009\u00b1\u20090.11, 2.04\u2009\u00b1\u20090.11, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002). GHBP was not associated with LVmass. Patients with wasting syndrome with unintentional weight loss had higher plasma GH and GHBP, lower log IGF-I\/GH ratio, and similar IGF-I. Overall, GHBP correlated inversely with log IGF-I\/GH ratio (women, <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u2009\u2212\u20090.591, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001; men, <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u2009\u2212\u20090.575, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Additionally, higher baseline IGF-I was associated with a decline in LVmass during follow-up (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u2009\u2212\u20090.318, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In advanced cancer, reduced LVmass is associated with increased plasma GH and reduced IGF-I\/GH ratio, suggesting increasing GH resistance, especially for patients with wasting syndrome with unintentional weight loss. Higher baseline IGF-I was associated\u00a0with a decrease in relative LVmass during follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-024-02400-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T04:03:41Z","timestamp":1712549021000},"page":"1118-1132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Association of an impaired GH-IGF-I axis with cardiac wasting in patients with advanced cancer"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Ann-Kathrin","family":"Fr\u00f6hlich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Porthun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khawaja M.","family":"Talha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Lena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Hadzibegovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ursula","family":"Wilkenshoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederike","family":"Sonntag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Nikolski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa Valentina","family":"Ramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Zeller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Bullinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan D.","family":"Anker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilhelm","family":"Haverkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"von Haehling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfram","family":"Doehner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ursula","family":"Rauch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carsten","family":"Skurk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John G. F.","family":"Cleland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javed","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J. S.","family":"Coats","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulf","family":"Landmesser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahir","family":"Karakas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4406-8555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus S.","family":"Anker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2400_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.02.039","volume":"81","author":"A Lena","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lena A et al (2023) Clinical and prognostic relevance of cardiac wasting in patients with advanced cancer. J Am Coll Cardiol 81:1569\u20131586","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2400_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12694","volume":"12","author":"MS Anker","year":"2021","unstructured":"Anker MS et al (2021) Advanced cancer is also a heart failure syndrome: a hypothesis. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 12:533\u2013537","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"2400_CR3","first-page":"347","volume":"37","author":"M Tian","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tian M et al (2010) Cardiac alterations in cancer-induced cachexia in mice. Int J Oncol 37:347\u2013353","journal-title":"Int J Oncol"},{"key":"2400_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1159\/000183772","volume":"40","author":"J Bentham","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bentham J, Rodriguez-Arnao J, Ross RJ (1993) Acquired growth hormone resistance in patients with hypercatabolism. Horm Res 40:87\u201391","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"2400_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1320655","volume":"132","author":"RJ Ross","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ross RJ, Chew SL (1995) Acquired growth hormone resistance. Eur J Endocrinol 132:655\u2013660","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2400_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.96.2.526","volume":"96","author":"SD Anker","year":"1997","unstructured":"Anker SD et al (1997) Hormonal changes and catabolic\/anabolic imbalance in chronic heart failure and their importance for cardiac cachexia. Circulation 96:526\u2013534","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2400_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1450727","volume":"145","author":"W Doehner","year":"2001","unstructured":"Doehner W et al (2001) Leptin, insulin sensitivity and growth hormone binding protein in chronic heart failure with and without cardiac cachexia. Eur J Endocrinol 145:727\u2013735","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2400_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/S1096-6374(99)80080-X","volume":"9 Suppl B","author":"RJ Ross","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ross RJ (1999) The GH receptor and GH insensitivity. Growth Horm IGF Res 9 Suppl B:42\u201345 (discussion 45-46)","journal-title":"Growth Horm IGF Res"},{"key":"2400_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)11329-0","volume":"351","author":"KJ Osterziel","year":"1998","unstructured":"Osterziel KJ et al (1998) Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of human recombinant growth hormone in patients with chronic heart failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy. Lancet 351:1233\u20131237","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2400_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(01)01385-7","volume":"38","author":"SD Anker","year":"2001","unstructured":"Anker SD et al (2001) Acquired growth hormone resistance in patients with chronic heart failure: implications for therapy with growth hormone. J Am Coll Cardiol 38:443\u2013452","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2400_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-011-0043-5","volume":"2","author":"K Trobec","year":"2011","unstructured":"Trobec K, von Haehling S, Anker SD, Lainscak M (2011) Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor 1, and insulin signaling-a pharmacological target in body wasting and cachexia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2:191\u2013200","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"2400_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/15412555.2017.1394285","volume":"15","author":"R Mar\u00e7\u00f4a","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mar\u00e7\u00f4a R et al (2018) Classification of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) according to the new Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2017: comparison with GOLD 2011. COPD 15:21\u201326","journal-title":"COPD"},{"key":"2400_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-017-2276-y","volume":"472","author":"L Bertero","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bertero L et al (2018) Eighth edition of the UICC Classification of Malignant Tumours: an overview of the changes in the pathological TNM classification criteria-what has changed and why? Virchows Arch 472:519\u2013531","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"2400_CR14","first-page":"1860","volume":"31","author":"PP Carbone","year":"1971","unstructured":"Carbone PP, Kaplan HS, Musshoff K, Smithers DW, Tubiana M (1971) Report of the Committee on Hodgkin\u2019s Disease Staging Classification. Cancer Res 31:1860\u20131861","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2400_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197509)36:3<842::AID-CNCR2820360303>3.0.CO;2-U","volume":"36","author":"BG Durie","year":"1975","unstructured":"Durie BG, Salmon SE (1975) A clinical staging system for multiple myelom. Correlation of measured myeloma cell mass with presenting clinical features, response to treatment, and survival. Cancer 36:842\u2013854","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2400_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(94)90909-1","volume":"74","author":"MS Lauer","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lauer MS, Anderson KM, Larson MG, Levy D (1994) A new method for indexing left ventricular mass for differences in body size. Am J Cardiol 74:487\u2013491","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2400_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(10)70218-7","volume":"12","author":"K Fearon","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fearon K et al (2011) Definition and classification of cancer cachexia: an international consensus. Lancet Oncol 12:489\u2013495","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2400_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12483","volume":"10","author":"J Bauer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bauer J et al (2019) Sarcopenia: a time for action. An SCWD position paper. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 10:956\u2013961","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"2400_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12126","volume":"7","author":"AJ Stewart Coats","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stewart Coats AJ et al (2016) Espindolol for the treatment and prevention of cachexia in patients with stage III\/IV non-small cell lung cancer or colorectal cancer: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, international multicentre phase II study (the ACT-ONE trial). J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 7:355\u2013365","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"2400_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.55.4.613","volume":"55","author":"RB Devereux","year":"1977","unstructured":"Devereux RB, Reichek N (1977) Echocardiographic determination of left ventricular mass in man. Anatomic validation of the method. Circulation 55:613\u2013618","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2400_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2333","volume":"24","author":"TA McDonagh","year":"2022","unstructured":"McDonagh TA et al (2022) ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: developed by the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). With the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur J Heart Fail 24:4\u2013131","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2400_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1097\/00000421-198212000-00014","volume":"5","author":"MM Oken","year":"1982","unstructured":"Oken MM et al (1982) Toxicity and response criteria of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Am J Clin Oncol 5:649\u2013655","journal-title":"Am J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2400_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(16)35446-3","volume":"34","author":"DA Karnofsky","year":"1950","unstructured":"Karnofsky DA, Burchenal JH, Escher GC (1950) Chemotherapy of neoplastic diseases. Med Clin North Am 34:439\u2013458 (illust)","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"2400_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4229","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac244","volume":"43","author":"AR Lyon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lyon AR et al (2022) 2022 ESC Guidelines on cardio-oncology developed in collaboration with the European Hematology Association (EHA), the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ESTRO) and the International Cardio-Oncology Society (IC-OS). Eur Heart J 43:4229\u20134361","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2400_CR25","first-page":"e876","volume":"145","author":"PA Heidenreich","year":"2022","unstructured":"Heidenreich PA et al (2022) 2022 AHA\/ACC\/HFSA Guideline for the management of heart failure: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation 145:e876\u2013e894","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2400_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1054\/jcaf.2003.23","volume":"9","author":"M Cicoira","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cicoira M, Kalra PR, Anker SD (2003) Growth hormone resistance in chronic heart failure and its therapeutic implications. J Card Fail 9:219\u2013226","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"2400_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12528","volume":"11","author":"S Peixoto da Silva","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peixoto da Silva S, Santos JMO, Costa ESMP, Gil da Costa RM, Medeiros R (2020) Cancer cachexia and its pathophysiology: links with sarcopenia, anorexia and asthenia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 11:619\u2013635","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"2400_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13109","volume":"14","author":"I Pototschnig","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pototschnig I et al (2023) Interleukin-6 initiates muscle- and adipose tissue wasting in a novel C57BL\/6 model of cancer-associated cachexia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 14:93\u2013107","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"2400_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12761","volume":"12","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang Q et al (2021) Association of systemic inflammation with survival in patients with cancer cachexia: results from a multicentre cohort study. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 12:1466\u20131476","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"2400_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20051459","volume":"93","author":"C Bing","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bing C (2005) Insight into the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor-I axis in cancer cachexia. Br J Nutr 93:761\u2013763","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"2400_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-06-0611","volume":"156","author":"K Pazaitou-Panayiotou","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pazaitou-Panayiotou K et al (2007) Growth hormone-binding protein is directly and IGFBP-3 is inversely associated with risk of female breast cancer. Eur J Endocrinol 156:187\u2013194","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2400_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00166","volume":"40","author":"CL Boguszewski","year":"2019","unstructured":"Boguszewski CL, Boguszewski M (2019) Growth hormone\u2019s links to cancer. Endocr Rev 40:558\u2013574","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2400_CR33","first-page":"464","volume":"10","author":"M Kaleko","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kaleko M, Rutter WJ, Miller AD (1990) Overexpression of the human insulinlike growth factor I receptor promotes ligand-dependent neoplastic transformation. Mol Cell Biol 10:464\u2013473","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"2400_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.149.2.535","volume":"149","author":"G Rodriguez-Tarduchy","year":"1992","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Tarduchy G, Collins MK, Garc\u00eda I, L\u00f3pez-Rivas A (1992) Insulin-like growth factor-I inhibits apoptosis in IL-3-dependent hemopoietic cells. J Immunol 149:535\u2013540","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2400_CR35","first-page":"2463","volume":"55","author":"M Resnicoff","year":"1995","unstructured":"Resnicoff M et al (1995) The insulin-like growth factor I receptor protects tumor cells from apoptosis in vivo. Cancer Res 55:2463\u20132469","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2400_CR36","first-page":"3739","volume":"55","author":"M Resnicoff","year":"1995","unstructured":"Resnicoff M, Burgaud JL, Rotman HL, Abraham D, Baserga R (1995) Correlation between apoptosis, tumorigenesis, and levels of insulin-like growth factor I receptors. Cancer Res 55:3739\u20133741","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2400_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.80.2.299","volume":"80","author":"IS Anand","year":"1989","unstructured":"Anand IS et al (1989) Edema of cardiac origin. Studies of body water and sodium, renal function, hemodynamic indexes, and plasma hormones in untreated congestive cardiac failure. Circulation 80:299\u2013305","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2400_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.3.6463","volume":"85","author":"JP Span","year":"2000","unstructured":"Span JP, Pieters GF, Sweep CG, Hermus AR, Smals AG (2000) Gender difference in insulin-like growth factor I response to growth hormone (GH) treatment in GH-deficient adults: role of sex hormone replacement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:1121\u20131125","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2400_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3913","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.83.11.5223","volume":"83","author":"WM Drake","year":"1998","unstructured":"Drake WM et al (1998) Optimizing growth hormone replacement therapy by dose titration in hypopituitary adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:3913\u20133919","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2400_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20051412","volume":"93","author":"Q Huang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Huang Q, Nai YJ, Jiang ZW, Li JS (2005) Change of the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor-I axis in patients with gastrointestinal cancer: related to tumour type and nutritional status. Br J Nutr 93:853\u2013858","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"2400_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(98)00226-5","volume":"32","author":"J Niebauer","year":"1998","unstructured":"Niebauer J et al (1998) Deficient insulin-like growth factor I in chronic heart failure predicts altered body composition, anabolic deficiency, cytokine and neurohormonal activation. J Am Coll Cardiol 32:393\u2013397","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2400_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1698","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa972","volume":"106","author":"U Ferrari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ferrari U et al (2021) IGF-I\/IGFBP3\/ALS deficiency in sarcopenia: low GHBP suggests GH resistance in a subgroup of geriatric patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 106:e1698\u2013e1707","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2400_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2003.05.050","volume":"97","author":"VG Florea","year":"2004","unstructured":"Florea VG et al (2004) Wasting of the left ventricle in patients with cardiac cachexia: a cardiovascular magnetic resonance study. Int J Cardiol 97:15\u201320","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2400_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1067\/mhj.2002.123314","volume":"144","author":"VG Florea","year":"2002","unstructured":"Florea VG et al (2002) The cardiac component of cardiac cachexia. Am Heart J 144:45\u201350","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"2400_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn AI, Priego T, Moreno-Ruperez \u00c1, Gonz\u00e1lez-Hedstr\u00f6m D, Granado M, L\u00f3pez-Calder\u00f3n A (2021) IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 in Inflammatory Cachexia. Int J Mol Sci 22(17):9469","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22179469"},{"key":"2400_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12502","volume":"6","author":"M Refsgaard Holm","year":"2019","unstructured":"Refsgaard Holm M et al (2019) Fibroblast growth factor 21 in patients with cardiac cachexia: a possible role of chronic inflammation. ESC Heart Fail 6:983\u2013991","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2400_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2918","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.5206","volume":"12","author":"K Takayama","year":"2023","unstructured":"Takayama K, Takiguchi T, Komura N, Naito T (2023) Efficacy and safety of anamorelin in patients with cancer cachexia: post-hoc subgroup analyses of a placebo-controlled study. Cancer Med 12:2918\u20132928","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"2400_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12408","volume":"10","author":"N Ebner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ebner N, Anker SD, von Haehling S (2019) Recent developments in the field of cachexia, sarcopenia, and muscle wasting: highlights from the 11th Cachexia Conference. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 10:218\u2013225","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"2400_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht302","volume":"35","author":"J Springer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Springer J et al (2014) Prevention of liver cancer cachexia-induced cardiac wasting and heart failure. Eur Heart J 35:932\u2013941","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2400_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1053\/euhj.1998.1123","volume":"19","author":"J Isgaard","year":"1998","unstructured":"Isgaard J et al (1998) A placebo-controlled study of growth hormone in patients with congestive heart failure. Eur Heart J 19:1704\u20131711","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2400_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199603283341301","volume":"334","author":"S Fazio","year":"1996","unstructured":"Fazio S et al (1996) A preliminary study of growth hormone in the treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 334:809\u2013814","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Clinical Research in Cardiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00392-024-02400-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00392-024-02400-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00392-024-02400-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T20:02:12Z","timestamp":1756929732000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00392-024-02400-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["2400"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00392-024-02400-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1861-0684","1861-0692"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1861-0684","type":"print"},{"value":"1861-0692","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 December 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 February 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 April 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Dr Wilkenshoff is supported by a Clinical Fellowship Grant from the Berlin Institute of Health; and has received speaker fees and\/or contributions to congresses from Abbott, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Berlin Chemie, Bristol Myers Squibb, GE Healthcare, Pfizer, Philips, and Servier, all outside the submitted work.Dr Zeller has received support from the German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (FKZ 81Z1710101 and FKZ 81Z0710102).Dr Karakas is supported by a Clinician Scientist Professorship Grant from the Else Kroener-Fresenius-Foundation; and has received personal fees and grant support from Daiichi-Sankyo, Adrenomed, Sphingotec, and Vifor Pharma, all outside the submitted work, and is a part-time employee of 4TEEN4 Pharmaceuticals.Dr Keller has served on advisory boards for Roche, Janssen-Cilag, Celgene, Takeda, Bristol Myers Squibb, Gilead, Hexal, Pfizer, AstraZeneca, and Pentixapharm; has received clinical research support from Janssen-Cilag, Novartis, Takeda, Bristol Myers Squibb, Roche, and Pfizer; and has received travel support from Roche, Bristol Myers Squibb, Gilead, Takeda, Janssen-Cilag, and Celgene.Dr Bullinger has received honoraria from AbbVie, Amgen, Astellas, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Daiichi-Sankyo, Gilead, Hexal, Janssen, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Menarini, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, and Seattle Genetics; and has received research support from Bayer and Jazz Pharmaceuticals.Dr S. Anker has received grants and personal fees from Vifor and Abbott Vascular; and has received personal fees for consulting, trial committee work, and\/or lectures from Actimed, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bioventrix, Brahms, Cardiac Dimensions, Cardior, Cordio, CVRx, Edwards Lifesciences, Faraday, Impulse Dynamics, Janssen, Novartis, Occlutech, Pfizer, Respicardia, Servier, Vectorious, and V-Wave, all outside the submitted work; and is named co-inventor of 2 patent applications regarding MR-proANP (DE 102007010834 & DE 102007022367), but does not benefit personally from the related issued patents.Dr Butler has received personal fees\/fees as consultant from Abbott, American Regent, Amgen, Applied Therapeutic, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cardiac Dimension, Cardior, CVRx, Cytokinetics, Edwards, Element Science, Innolife, Impulse Dynamics, Imbria, Inventiva, Lexicon, Lilly, LivaNova, Janssen, Medtronics, Merck, Occlutech, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Pharmacosmos, Pharmain, Roche, Sequana, SQ Innovation, and Vifor.Dr Coats has received honoraria and\/or speaker fees from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Menarini, Novartis, Servier, Vifor, Abbott, Actimed, Arena, Cardiac Dimensions, Corvia, CVRx, Enopace, ESN Cleer, Faraday, Impulse Dynamics, Respicardia, and Viatris.Dr Landmesser has received institutional research grants from Amgen, Bayer, and Novartis; and has received speaker or consulting honoraria from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer, Amgen, Sanofi, Novartis, and Novo Nordisk.Dr M. Anker has received personal fees from Servier, outside the submitted work.Dr Zeller is listed as co-inventor of an international patent on the use of a computing device to estimate the probability of myocardial infarction (International Publication Number WO2022043229A1). TZ is shareholder of the ART.EMIS GmbH Hamburg.Dr von Haehling has been paid a consultant for and\/or received honoraria payments from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, BRAHMS, Chugai, Gr\u00fcnenthal, Helsinn, Hexal, Novartis, Pharmacosmos, Respicardia, Roche, Servier, Sorin, and Vifor. He also reports research support from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI), and the German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK).Dr. Doehner reports consulting fees and speaker honoraria from Aimediq, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Cardiomatics, Lilly, Medtronic, and Vifor Pharma; travel support from Pharmacosmos; and research support to the Institute from EU (Horizon2020), German Ministry of Education and Research, German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Vifor Pharma.Dr Cleland reports personal fees from Abbott, Amgen, Novartis, Medtronic, Idorsia,Servier, AstraZeneca, Biopeutics, Torrent, and Respicardia; grants and personalfees from Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Pharmacosmos, Vifor, Johnson & Johnson, Myokardia, and Viscardia; and personal fees and non-financial support from Boehringer Ingelheim and NI Medical.All other authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}