{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T20:40:59Z","timestamp":1792442459575,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Res Cardiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite advances in temporary mechanical circulatory support, the mortality rate for patients with cardiogenic shock (CS) remains high. Current shock frameworks rely on hemodynamic parameters and fail to capture ongoing biological injury. Our study aimed to investigate cytokine trajectories during support and their association with clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This single-center retrospective cohort study analyzed 113 patients with CS in SCAI stage\u2009\u2265\u2009C who were treated with microaxial flow pump (mAFP). Serial cytokine levels were measured from the time of mAFP implantation until day 7 afterwards. Time-point-specific multivariable logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors of 30-day mortality. The incremental prognostic value of cytokine levels was evaluated in relation to age, lactate, and vasoactive-inotropic score (VIS), with interaction analyses conducted in relation to hemodynamic severity and blood culture positivity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The overall 30-day mortality rate in the study cohort was 26.5%. IL-6 trajectories diverged progressively between survivors and non-survivors during mAFP support, with the greatest separation at 72\u00a0h. At this time point, log-transformed IL-6 was independently associated with 30-day mortality. ROC analysis at 72\u00a0h showed moderate discriminatory performance (AUC 0.745) and identified an optimal cut-off of 164.5\u00a0pg\/mL (sensitivity 68.0%; specificity 82.1%). Patients with IL-6 levels\u2009\u2265\u2009164.5\u00a0pg\/mL presented with lower 30-day survival in exploratory landmark-type Kaplan\u2013Meier analysis (log-rank\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). This association was not modified by blood culture positivity, although infection, culture-negative inflammatory complications, and vasoplegic\/distributive physiology cannot be excluded as contributors to IL-6 elevation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In patients with CS supported by mAFP, persistent IL-6 elevation at 72\u00a0h was associated with increased 30-day mortality and provided additional prognostic information alongside established clinical severity markers. These findings suggest that ongoing inflammatory activity may provide additional prognostic information and support further evaluation of serial IL-6 measurements for risk stratification.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-026-03040-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T08:00:43Z","timestamp":1792396843000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Temporal cytokine trajectories during microaxial flow pump support identify a high-risk inflammatory phenotype in cardiogenic shock"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9498-9558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julian","family":"Kreutz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Amoah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klevis","family":"Mihali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Harbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Chatzis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Patsalis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Styliani","family":"Syntila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Schieffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birgit","family":"Markus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"3040_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.28329","volume":"94","author":"DA Baran","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baran DA, Grines CL, Bailey S et al (2019) SCAI clinical expert consensus statement on the classification of cardiogenic shock: this document was endorsed by the American College of Cardiology (ACC), the American Heart Association (AHA), the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) in April 2019. 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The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The company Abiomed had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}