{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T21:00:23Z","timestamp":1790197223259,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/deed.de"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/deed.de"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Z Rheumatol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Major histocompatibility complex class\u00a0I molecule (MHC-I)-opathies were originally proposed to unify clinically heterogenous diseases such as spondyloarthritis, psoriasis and Behcet\u2019s disease, in which MHC class\u00a0I genetics, endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase (ERAP)-dependent peptide processing, barrier dysfunction, mechanical stress and CD8 T\u2011cell responses intersect. In this review, we argue that this concept has become increasingly defined and should now be considered as a\u00a0graded pathogenic framework. Within this model, type\u00a017 MHC-I-opathies, including psoriasis and spondyloarthritis, are largely coupled to interleukin (IL)-23\/IL-17-driven neutrophilic inflammation, whereas Takayasu arteritis may represent a\u00a0type\u00a01 MHC-I-opathy in which human leucocyte antigen B*52 (HLA-B*52)-associated antigen presentation converges with IL-12B, interferon gamma (IFN\u03b3), tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and macrophage-driven granulomatous vascular inflammation. Disease expression is shaped not by MHC\u2011I carriage alone, but by the extent to which multiple genetic, environmental and tissue-specific layers align the HLA\/ERAP-mediated peptide repertoire, barrier perturbation, microbiota- or tissue-derived antigenic pressure, biomechanical stress and adaptive CD8 T\u2011cell effector programmes. The more completely these layers converge, the more likely a\u00a0disease or patient is to display the characteristic behaviour of an MHC-I-opathy, including earlier onset, recurrent tissue-localised inflammation, broader anatomical involvement and greater severity. This framework moves the field beyond susceptibility odds ratios toward phenotype stratification, prognostic prediction and rational selection of targeted therapies, including cytokine blockade, modulation of antigen presentation and approaches directed at pathogenic CD8 T\u2011cell repertoires.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00393-026-01865-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T19:03:29Z","timestamp":1790190209000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The MHC-I-opathy architecture: immunogenetic and biomechanical determinants of disease expression","Charakterisierung MHC-I-assoziierter Erkrankungen: immungenetische und biomechanische Bestimmungsfaktoren der Krankheitsmanifestation"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Kerem","family":"Abacar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"McGonagle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"1865_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030297","volume":"3","author":"D McGonagle","year":"2006","unstructured":"McGonagle\u00a0D, McDermott\u00a0MF (2006) A\u00a0proposed classification of the immunological diseases. PLoS Med 3(8):e297","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"1865_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2015.147","volume":"11","author":"D McGonagle","year":"2015","unstructured":"McGonagle\u00a0D, Aydin\u00a0SZ, G\u00fcl\u00a0A, Mahr\u00a0A, Direskeneli\u00a0H (2015) \u2018MHC-I-opathy\u2019\u2014unified concept for spondyloarthritis and Behcet disease. Nature Reviews Rheumatology 11(12):731\u2013740","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Rheumatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"1865_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-197409000-00002","volume":"53","author":"JM Moll","year":"1974","unstructured":"Moll\u00a0JM, Haslock\u00a0I, Macrae\u00a0IF, Wright\u00a0V (1974) Associations between ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, Reiter\u2019s disease, the intestinal arthropathies, and Behcet\u2019s syndrome. Medicine (Baltimore) 53(5):343\u2013364","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"1865_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abacar K, Macleod T, Direskeneli H, McGonagle D. Takayasu arteritis: a\u00a0geographically distant but immunologically proximal MHC-I-opathy. Lancet Rheumatol. 2025;7(4):e290\u2013e302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2665-9913(24)00307-2","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(24)00307-2"},{"issue":"4","key":"1865_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700118","volume":"126","author":"JE Gudjonsson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gudjonsson\u00a0JE, Karason\u00a0A, Runarsdottir\u00a0EH, Antonsdottir\u00a0AA, Hauksson\u00a0VB, Jonsson\u00a0HH et\u00a0al (2006) Distinct clinical differences between HLA-Cw*0602 positive and negative psoriasis patients--an analysis of 1019 HLA-C- and HLA-B-typed patients. J\u00a0Invest Dermatol 126(4):740\u2013745","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1865_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-0253","volume":"87","author":"X Fan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fan\u00a0X, Yang\u00a0S, Sun\u00a0LD, Liang\u00a0YH, Gao\u00a0M, Zhang\u00a0KY et\u00a0al (2007) Comparison of clinical features of HLA-Cw*0602-positive and -negative psoriasis patients in a Han Chinese population. Acta Derm Venereol 87(4):335\u2013340","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"1865_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-5945-9-5","volume":"9","author":"L Mallbris","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mallbris\u00a0L, Wolk\u00a0K, Sanchez\u00a0F, Stahle\u00a0M (2009) HLA-Cw*0602 associates with a twofold higher prevalence of positive streptococcal throat swab at the onset of psoriasis: a case control study. BMC Dermatol 9:5","journal-title":"BMC Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1865_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-205461","volume":"75","author":"M Haroon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Haroon\u00a0M, Winchester\u00a0R, Giles\u00a0JT, Heffernan\u00a0E, FitzGerald\u00a0O (2016) Certain class\u00a0I HLA alleles and haplotypes implicated in susceptibility play a\u00a0role in determining specific features of the psoriatic arthritis phenotype. Ann Rheum Dis 75(1):155\u2013162","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"1865_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kharouf F, Abarza VC, Mehta P, Gao S, Ganatra D, Pereira D, et\u00a0al. Psoriatic dactylitis: the association with HLA genetic susceptibility markers. Ann Rheum Dis. 2026;85(6):1110\u20131116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ard.2026.02.011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ard.2026.02.011"},{"issue":"6","key":"1865_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24174","volume":"73","author":"LC Coates","year":"2021","unstructured":"Coates\u00a0LC, Baraliakos\u00a0X, Blanco\u00a0FJ, Blanco-Morales\u00a0EA, Braun\u00a0J, Chandran\u00a0V et\u00a0al (2021) The Phenotype of Axial Spondyloarthritis: Is It Dependent on HLA-B*27\u00a0Status. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 73(6):856\u2013860","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"1865_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00936","volume":"11","author":"M Lorenzin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lorenzin\u00a0M, Ortolan\u00a0A, Felicetti\u00a0M, Vio\u00a0S, Favero\u00a0M, Polito\u00a0P et\u00a0al (2020) Spine and Sacroiliac Joints Lesions on Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Early Axial-Spondyloarthritis During 24-Months Follow-Up (Italian Arm of SPACE Study). Front Immunol 11:936","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1865_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2006.03.010","volume":"20","author":"M Rudwaleit","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rudwaleit\u00a0M, Baeten\u00a0D (2006) Ankylosing spondylitis and bowel disease. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 20(3):451\u2013471","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1865_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1080\/14397595.2019.1649103","volume":"30","author":"Y Mizuki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mizuki\u00a0Y, Horita\u00a0N, Horie\u00a0Y, Takeuchi\u00a0M, Ishido\u00a0T, Mizuki\u00a0R et\u00a0al (2020) The influence of HLA-B*51 on clinical manifestations among Japanese patients with Behcet\u2019s disease: A nationwide survey. Mod Rheumatol 30(4):708\u2013714","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1865_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rap\/rkad087","volume":"7","author":"P Leccese","year":"2023","unstructured":"Leccese\u00a0P, Padula\u00a0MC, Santospirito\u00a0EV, Colucci\u00a0R, Lascaro\u00a0N, Padula\u00a0AA et\u00a0al (2023) The relationship between HLA-B*51 subtypes, clinical manifestations and severity of Behcet\u2019s syndrome: a large Italian cohort study. Rheumatol Adv Pract 7(3):rkad087","journal-title":"Rheumatol Adv Pract"},{"issue":"24","key":"1865_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8867","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1406575111","volume":"111","author":"MJ Ombrello","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ombrello\u00a0MJ, Kirino\u00a0Y, de Bakker\u00a0PI, Gul\u00a0A, Kastner\u00a0DL, Remmers\u00a0EF (2014) Behcet disease-associated MHC class\u00a0I residues implicate antigen binding and regulation of cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111(24):8867\u20138872","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"1865_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3730","volume":"14","author":"Z Sahin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sahin\u00a0Z, Bicakcigil\u00a0M, Aksu\u00a0K, Kamali\u00a0S, Akar\u00a0S, Onen\u00a0F et\u00a0al (2012) Takayasu\u2019s arteritis is associated with HLA-B*52, but not with HLA-B*51, in Turkey. Arthritis Res Ther 14(1):R27","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"1865_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.239.67","volume":"239","author":"T Origuchi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Origuchi\u00a0T, Fukui\u00a0S, Umeda\u00a0M, Nishino\u00a0A, Nakashima\u00a0Y, Koga\u00a0T et\u00a0al (2016) The Severity of Takayasu Arteritis Is Associated with the HLA-B*52 Allele in Japanese Patients. Tohoku J Exp Med 239(1):67\u201372","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1865_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5273(98)00159-4","volume":"66","author":"H Kitamura","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kitamura\u00a0H, Kobayashi\u00a0Y, Kimura\u00a0A, Numano\u00a0F (1998) Association of clinical manifestations with HLA\u2011B alleles in Takayasu arteritis. Int J Cardiol 66(Suppl 1):S121\u2013S126","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"1865_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02463","volume":"9","author":"JA Lopez de Castro","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lopez de Castro\u00a0JA (2018) How ERAP1 and ERAP2 Shape the Peptidomes of Disease-Associated MHC\u2011I Proteins. Front Immunol 9:2463","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1865_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-207416","volume":"74","author":"PC Robinson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Robinson\u00a0PC, Costello\u00a0ME, Leo\u00a0P, Bradbury\u00a0LA, Hollis\u00a0K, Cortes\u00a0A et\u00a0al (2015) ERAP2 is associated with ankylosing spondylitis in HLA-B*27-positive and HLA-B*27-negative patients. Ann Rheum Dis 74(8):1627\u20131629","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1865_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-018-1807-5","volume":"21","author":"A Ruyssen-Witrand","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ruyssen-Witrand\u00a0A, Luxembourger\u00a0C, Cantagrel\u00a0A, Nigon\u00a0D, Claudepierre\u00a0P, Degboe\u00a0Y et\u00a0al (2019) Association between IL23R and ERAP1 polymorphisms and sacroiliac or spinal MRI inflammation in spondyloarthritis: DESIR cohort data. Arthritis Res Ther 21(1):22","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"1865_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2025.105842","volume":"92","author":"SC Ozkaya","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ozkaya\u00a0SC, Abacar\u00a0K, Dilek\u00a0YE, Akcapinar\u00a0GB, Atagunduz\u00a0MP, Erzik\u00a0C (2025) Defining a genetic background for bamboo spine and axial spondyloarthritis. Joint Bone Spine 92(3):105842","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"issue":"2","key":"1865_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2520","volume":"45","author":"Y Kirino","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kirino\u00a0Y, Bertsias\u00a0G, Ishigatsubo\u00a0Y, Mizuki\u00a0N, Tugal-Tutkun\u00a0I, Seyahi\u00a0E et\u00a0al (2013) Genome-wide association analysis identifies new susceptibility loci for Behcet\u2019s disease and epistasis between HLA-B*51 and ERAP1. Nat Genet 45(2):202\u2013207","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"1865_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227997","volume":"15","author":"P Riahi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Riahi\u00a0P, Kazemnejad\u00a0A, Mostafaei\u00a0S, Meguro\u00a0A, Mizuki\u00a0N, Ashraf-Ganjouei\u00a0A et\u00a0al (2020) ERAP1 polymorphisms interactions and their association with Behcet\u2019s disease susceptibly: Application of Model-Based Multifactor Dimension Reduction Algorithm (MB-MDR). PLoS One 15(2):e0227997","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"22","key":"1865_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6081","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddu307","volume":"23","author":"JJ Kuiper","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kuiper\u00a0JJ, Van Setten\u00a0J, Ripke\u00a0S, Van\u00a0TSR, Mulder\u00a0F, Missotten\u00a0T et\u00a0al (2014) A\u00a0genome-wide association study identifies a\u00a0functional ERAP2 haplotype associated with birdshot chorioretinopathy. Hum Mol Genet 23(22):6081\u20136087","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"1865_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.599558","volume":"11","author":"JJW Kuiper","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kuiper\u00a0JJW, Venema\u00a0WJ (2020) HLA-A*29 and Birdshot Uveitis: Further Down the Rabbit Hole. Front Immunol 11:599558","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1865_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.67.1.51","volume":"67","author":"J Loeliger","year":"2026","unstructured":"Loeliger\u00a0J, Gelfman\u00a0S, Stahl\u00a0EA, Moscati\u00a0A, Bai\u00a0X, Monnet\u00a0D et\u00a0al (2026) The Impact of ERAP1 and ERAP2 Haplotype Combinations on Susceptibility and Severity of Birdshot Chorioretinitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 67(1):51","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1865_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Casares-Marfil D, Saruhan-Direskeneli G, Grayson PC, Tombetti E, Jiang L, Merkel PA, et\u00a0al. Exploring the genetic interaction between ERAP1\/ERAP2 and HLA-B*52:01\u00a0in Takayasu arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2026;65(1):keaf544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaf544","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaf544"},{"issue":"4","key":"1865_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ken501","volume":"48","author":"T Karaderi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Karaderi\u00a0T, Harvey\u00a0D, Farrar\u00a0C, Appleton\u00a0LH, Stone\u00a0MA, Sturrock\u00a0RD et\u00a0al (2009) Association between the interleukin 23 receptor and ankylosing spondylitis is confirmed by a new UK case-control study and meta-analysis of published series. Rheumatology (Oxford) 48(4):386\u2013389","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1865_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38873","volume":"67","author":"PC Robinson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Robinson\u00a0PC, Claushuis\u00a0TA, Cortes\u00a0A, Martin\u00a0TM, Evans\u00a0DM, Leo\u00a0P et\u00a0al (2015) Genetic dissection of acute anterior uveitis reveals similarities and differences in associations observed with ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheumatol 67(1):140\u2013151","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1865_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1086\/511051","volume":"80","author":"M Cargill","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cargill\u00a0M, Schrodi\u00a0SJ, Chang\u00a0M, Garcia\u00a0VE, Brandon\u00a0R, Callis\u00a0KP et\u00a0al (2007) A\u00a0large-scale genetic association study confirms IL12B and leads to the identification of IL23R as psoriasis-risk genes. Am J Hum Genet 80(2):273\u2013290","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"1865_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2014.05.010","volume":"75","author":"N Eiris","year":"2014","unstructured":"Eiris\u00a0N, Gonzalez-Lara\u00a0L, Santos-Juanes\u00a0J, Queiro\u00a0R, Coto\u00a0E, Coto-Segura\u00a0P (2014) Genetic variation at IL12B, IL23R and IL23A is associated with psoriasis severity, psoriatic arthritis and type 2 diabetes mellitus. J\u00a0Dermatol Sci 75(3):167\u2013172","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"1865_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.625","volume":"42","author":"EF Remmers","year":"2010","unstructured":"Remmers\u00a0EF, Cosan\u00a0F, Kirino\u00a0Y, Ombrello\u00a0MJ, Abaci\u00a0N, Satorius\u00a0C et\u00a0al (2010) Genome-wide association study identifies variants in the MHC class\u00a0I, IL10, and IL23R-IL12RB2 regions associated with Behcet\u2019s disease. Nat Genet 42(8):698\u2013702","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"8","key":"1865_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.624","volume":"42","author":"N Mizuki","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mizuki\u00a0N, Meguro\u00a0A, Ota\u00a0M, Ohno\u00a0S, Shiota\u00a0T, Kawagoe\u00a0T et\u00a0al (2010) Genome-wide association studies identify IL23R-IL12RB2 and IL10 as Behcet\u2019s disease susceptibility loci. Nat Genet 42(8):703\u2013706","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"12","key":"1865_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2016.09.006","volume":"77","author":"X Qin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Qin\u00a0X, Xu\u00a0J, Wu\u00a0Z, Sun\u00a0F, Chen\u00a0H, Zheng\u00a0W et\u00a0al (2016) Association study of rs924080 and rs11209032 polymorphisms of IL23R-IL12RB2 in a Northern Chinese Han population with Behcet\u2019s disease. Hum Immunol 77(12):1284\u20131290","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1865_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-017-1408-8","volume":"19","author":"T Nakajima","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nakajima\u00a0T, Yoshifuji\u00a0H, Shimizu\u00a0M, Kitagori\u00a0K, Murakami\u00a0K, Nakashima\u00a0R et\u00a0al (2017) A\u00a0novel susceptibility locus in the IL12B region is associated with the pathophysiology of Takayasu arteritis through IL-12p40 and IL-12p70 production. Arthritis Res Ther 19(1):197","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"1865_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-93213-9","volume":"11","author":"K Kadoba","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kadoba\u00a0K, Watanabe\u00a0R, Iwasaki\u00a0T, Nakajima\u00a0T, Kitagori\u00a0K, Akizuki\u00a0S et\u00a0al (2021) A susceptibility locus in the IL12B but not LILRA3 region is associated with vascular damage in Takayasu arteritis. Sci Rep 11(1):13667","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"7941","key":"1865_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05501-7","volume":"612","author":"X Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang\u00a0X, Garner\u00a0LI, Zvyagin\u00a0IV, Paley\u00a0MA, Komech\u00a0EA, Jude\u00a0KM et\u00a0al (2022) Autoimmunity-associated T cell receptors recognize HLA-B*27-bound peptides. Nature 612(7941):771\u2013777","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1865_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Paley MA, Yang X, Hassman LM, Penkava F, Garner LI, Paley GL, et\u00a0al. Mucosal signatures of pathogenic T\u00a0cells in HLA-B*27+ anterior uveitis and axial spondyloarthritis. JCI Insight. 2024;9(16):e174776. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci.insight.174776","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.174776"},{"issue":"11","key":"1865_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02613-z","volume":"29","author":"OV Britanova","year":"2023","unstructured":"Britanova\u00a0OV, Lupyr\u00a0KR, Staroverov\u00a0DB, Shagina\u00a0IA, Aleksandrov\u00a0AA, Ustyugov\u00a0YY et\u00a0al (2023) Targeted depletion of TRBV9(+) T cells as immunotherapy in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Nat Med 29(11):2731\u20132736","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1865_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18513-6","volume":"11","author":"F Penkava","year":"2020","unstructured":"Penkava\u00a0F, Velasco-Herrera\u00a0MDC, Young\u00a0MD, Yager\u00a0N, Nwosu\u00a0LN, Pratt\u00a0AG et\u00a0al (2020) Single-cell sequencing reveals clonal expansions of pro-inflammatory synovial CD8 T cells expressing tissue-homing receptors in psoriatic arthritis. Nat Commun 11(1):4767","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"1865_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1002\/art.43286","volume":"78","author":"LE Durham","year":"2026","unstructured":"Durham\u00a0LE, Humby\u00a0F, Ng\u00a0N, Laddach\u00a0R, Gray\u00a0EH, Ryan\u00a0SE et\u00a0al (2026) Linking Skin and Joint Inflammation in Psoriatic Arthritis through Shared CD8(+) T Cell Clones. Arthritis Rheumatol 78(1):152\u2013165","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1865_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1999.00931.x","volume":"117","author":"H Direskeneli","year":"1999","unstructured":"Direskeneli\u00a0H, Eksioglu-Demiralp\u00a0E, Kibaroglu\u00a0A, Yavuz\u00a0S, Ergun\u00a0T, Akoglu\u00a0T (1999) Oligoclonal T cell expansions in patients with Behcet\u2019s disease. Clin Exp Immunol 117(1):166\u2013170","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1865_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202250181","volume":"53","author":"J Zou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zou\u00a0J, Li\u00a0B, Li\u00a0D, Bao\u00a0HF, She\u00a0CH, Ye\u00a0JF et\u00a0al (2023) Comprehensive analysis of T\u2011cell receptor repertoires reveals antigen-driven T\u2011cell clusters in patients with Behcet\u2019s syndrome. Eur J Immunol 53(4):e2250181","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1865_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-222277","volume":"81","author":"A Cavers","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cavers\u00a0A, Kugler\u00a0MC, Ozguler\u00a0Y, Al-Obeidi\u00a0AF, Hatemi\u00a0G, Ueberheide\u00a0BM et\u00a0al (2022) Behcet\u2019s disease risk-variant HLA-B*51\/ERAP1-Hap10 alters human CD8 T cell immunity. Ann Rheum Dis 81(11):1603\u20131611","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1865_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96632-w","volume":"11","author":"YL Ren","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ren\u00a0YL, Li\u00a0TT, Cui\u00a0W, Zhao\u00a0LM, Gao\u00a0N, Liao\u00a0H et\u00a0al (2021) CD8(+) T lymphocyte is a main source of interferon-gamma production in Takayasu\u2019s arteritis. Sci Rep 11(1):17111","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"1865_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.1998.00474.x","volume":"37","author":"T Ergun","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ergun\u00a0T, Gurbuz\u00a0O, Harvell\u00a0J, Jorizzo\u00a0J, White\u00a0W (1998) The histopathology of pathergy: a chronologic study of skin hyperreactivity in Behcet\u2019s disease. Int J Dermatol 37(12):929\u2013933","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1865_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6415","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.9.6415","volume":"177","author":"M Melikoglu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Melikoglu\u00a0M, Uysal\u00a0S, Krueger\u00a0JG, Kaplan\u00a0G, Gogus\u00a0F, Yazici\u00a0H et\u00a0al (2006) Characterization of the divergent wound-healing responses occurring in the pathergy reaction and normal healthy volunteers. J\u00a0Immunol 177(9):6415\u20136421","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1865_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.52.11.823","volume":"52","author":"N Dilsen","year":"1993","unstructured":"Dilsen\u00a0N, Konice\u00a0M, Aral\u00a0O, Ocal\u00a0L, Inanc\u00a0M, Gul\u00a0A (1993) Comparative study of the skin pathergy test with blunt and sharp needles in Behcet\u2019s disease: confirmed specificity but decreased sensitivity with sharp needles. Ann Rheum Dis 52(11):823\u2013825","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"1865_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-203643","volume":"73","author":"P Jacques","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jacques\u00a0P, Lambrecht\u00a0S, Verheugen\u00a0E, Pauwels\u00a0E, Kollias\u00a0G, Armaka\u00a0M et\u00a0al (2014) Proof of concept: enthesitis and new bone formation in spondyloarthritis are driven by mechanical strain and stromal cells. Ann Rheum Dis 73(2):437\u2013445","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"1865_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI83083","volume":"126","author":"N Baeyens","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baeyens\u00a0N, Bandyopadhyay\u00a0C, Coon\u00a0BG, Yun\u00a0S, Schwartz\u00a0MA (2016) Endothelial fluid shear stress sensing in vascular health and disease. J\u00a0Clin Invest 126(3):821\u2013828","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"1865_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1083547","volume":"10","author":"M Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou\u00a0M, Yu\u00a0Y, Chen\u00a0R, Liu\u00a0X, Hu\u00a0Y, Ma\u00a0Z et\u00a0al (2023) Wall shear stress and its role in atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 10:1083547","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"1865_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2022.101607","volume":"58","author":"D Mauro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mauro\u00a0D, Nakamura\u00a0A, Haroon\u00a0N, Ciccia\u00a0F (2021) The gut-enthesis axis and the pathogenesis of Spondyloarthritis. Semin Immunol 58:101607","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1865_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2003.12069.x","volume":"120","author":"JD Heilborn","year":"2003","unstructured":"Heilborn\u00a0JD, Nilsson\u00a0MF, Kratz\u00a0G, Weber\u00a0G, Sorensen\u00a0O, Borregaard\u00a0N et\u00a0al (2003) The cathelicidin anti-microbial peptide LL-37 is involved in re-epithelialization of human skin wounds and is lacking in chronic ulcer epithelium. J\u00a0Invest Dermatol 120(3):379\u2013389","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"4 Suppl 45","key":"1865_CR55","first-page":"S27","volume":"25","author":"G Mumcu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mumcu\u00a0G, Inanc\u00a0N, Yavuz\u00a0S, Direskeneli\u00a0H (2007) The role of infectious agents in the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and treatment strategies in Behcet\u2019s disease. Clin Exp Rheumatol 25(4 Suppl 45):S27\u2013S33","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1865_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-024-06939-y","volume":"43","author":"K Abacar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abacar\u00a0K, Kaymaz-Tahra\u00a0S, Bayindir\u00a0O, Ince\u00a0B, Kutu\u00a0ME, Yazici\u00a0A et\u00a0al (2024) Frequency and the effects of spondyloarthritis-spectrum disorders on the clinical course and management of Takayasu arteritis: an observational retrospective study. Clin Rheumatol 43(5):1571\u20131578","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1865_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2226","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39157","volume":"67","author":"C Terao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Terao\u00a0C, Matsumura\u00a0T, Yoshifuji\u00a0H, Kirino\u00a0Y, Maejima\u00a0Y, Nakaoka\u00a0Y et\u00a0al (2015) Takayasu arteritis and ulcerative colitis: high rate of co-occurrence and genetic overlap. Arthritis Rheumatol 67(8):2226\u20132232","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1865_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.13640","volume":"32","author":"S Akiyama","year":"2017","unstructured":"Akiyama\u00a0S, Fujii\u00a0T, Matsuoka\u00a0K, Yusuke\u00a0E, Negi\u00a0M, Takenaka\u00a0K et\u00a0al (2017) Endoscopic features and genetic background of inflammatory bowel disease complicated with Takayasu arteritis. J\u00a0Gastroenterol Hepatol 32(5):1011\u20131017","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"}],"container-title":["Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Rheumatologie"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00393-026-01865-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00393-026-01865-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00393-026-01865-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T20:02:39Z","timestamp":1790193759000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00393-026-01865-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["1865"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00393-026-01865-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-1855","1435-1250"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-1855","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-1250","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"K.\u00a0Abacar is funded by Amgen under the PARTNER fellowship program. D.\u00a0McGonagle has received grant funding and honoraria from AbbVie, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis and UCB.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Neither patients nor the public were involved in the design, conduct, reporting or dissemination of this research.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Patient and public involvement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"For this article no studies with human participants or animals were performed by any of the authors. All studies mentioned were in accordance with the ethical standards indicated in each case.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}