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We measured: urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and urinary creatinine concentration in spot urine samples; thyroglobulin (Tg), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and total thyroxine (tT4) on dried blood spots (DBS); and thyreoperoxidase antibodies in serum samples. Data on dietary supplement use were obtained, and women were classified as supplement users (consuming multivitamins containing\u2009\u2265\u2009150\u00a0\u00b5g iodine\/day) and non-supplement users (no supplements or\u2009&lt;\u2009150\u00a0\u00b5g iodine\/day from supplements).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Overall median UIC [bootstrapped 95% confidence interval (CI)] was 101\u00a0\u00b5g\/L (95, 108; <jats:italic>n\u2009<\/jats:italic>=\u2009737): 149\u00a0\u00b5g\/L (132, 164) in supplement users (<jats:italic>n\u2009<\/jats:italic>=\u2009253) and 85\u00a0\u00b5g\/L (79, 92) in non-supplement users (<jats:italic>n\u2009<\/jats:italic>=\u2009440) (<jats:italic>p\u2009<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u20090.001). Overall geometric mean DBS-Tg (95% CI) was 22.1\u00a0\u03bcg\/L (20.8, 23.5; <jats:italic>n\u2009<\/jats:italic>=\u2009675) and the prevalence of elevated DBS-Tg was 19%. DBS-Tg was lower in supplement users (<jats:italic>n\u2009<\/jats:italic>=\u2009229) than in non-supplement users (<jats:italic>n\u2009<\/jats:italic>=\u2009405) (19.1 vs 24.4\u00a0\u03bcg\/L, <jats:italic>p\u2009<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u20090.001). DBS-TSH, DBS-tT4, and S-TPOab positivity did not differ between the two groups.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Pregnant women in Sweden have inadequate iodine nutrition. Women not taking iodine supplements containing\u2009\u2265\u2009150\u00a0\u00b5g iodine\/day are affected by mild iodine deficiency and are at higher risk for increased thyroid activity, while maintaining euthyroidism. Iodine intake should be improved in women both before and after conception by promotion of iodized salt instead of non-iodized salt. We urge regular monitoring of iodine status in the general Swedish population, as well as in risk groups.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-019-02102-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,15]],"date-time":"2019-10-15T10:54:04Z","timestamp":1571136844000},"page":"2535-2545","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Iodine deficiency in pregnant women in Sweden: a national cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7965-0772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Manousou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4859-1383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Eggertsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Hunziker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Hulth\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena Filipsson","family":"Nystr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2102_CR1","first-page":"220","volume":"28","author":"JB Stanbury","year":"1974","unstructured":"Stanbury JB, Ermans AM, Hetzel BS, Pretell EA, Querido A (1974) Endemic goitre and cretinism: public health significance and prevention. 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