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The activation of post-oral taste receptors using tastants could provide a non-invasive treatment option in combating the obesity epidemic. The aim of this review was to examine the effect of post-oral delivery of non-caloric tastants on eating behavior reflected by primary outcome energy intake and secondary outcomes GI symptoms and perceptions and potential underlying mechanisms. This review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A systematic literature search of the Cochrane, PubMed, Embase, and Medline databases was performed. This systematic review and meta-analysis was registered in the PROSPERO database on 26 February 2020 (ID: CRD42020171182). Two researchers independently screened 11,912 articles and extracted information from 19 articles. If at least two studies investigated the effect of the same taste compound on primary outcome energy intake, a meta-analysis was performed to determine pooled effect sizes.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Nineteen papers including healthy volunteers were included. In the 19 papers analyzed, effects of various tastants were investigated in healthy volunteers. Most extensively investigated were bitter tastants. The meta-analysis of effects of bitter tastants showed a significant reduction in energy intake of 54.62\u00a0kcal (95% CI \u2212\u00a078.54 to \u2212\u00a030.69, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0014).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Bitter stimuli are most potent to influence eating behavior. Energy intake decreased after post-oral delivery of bitter tastants. This highlights the potential of a preventive role of bitter tastants in battling the obesity epidemic.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-021-02485-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T23:25:10Z","timestamp":1612913110000},"page":"2923-2947","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Effects of gastrointestinal delivery of non-caloric tastants on energy intake: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1519-4026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"Klaassen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9856-9980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Keszthelyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0018-5557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Freddy J.","family":"Troost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5383-2789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aalt","family":"Bast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5819-0116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian A. 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For investigator-initiated study (reference 26), Will Pharma SA has received governmental funding (Subsidie MKB Innovatiestimulering Topsectoren, MIT) and covered all relevant costs related to the execution of that study. T.K. received a salary from Will Pharma SA as part of the \u2018Subsidie MKB Innovatiestimulering Topsectoren\u2019 (MIT) for the period related to the execution of that study (reference 26). D.K. and A.A.M.M. have received an unrestricted grant from Will Pharma SA for the execution of a study unrelated to the present study (peppermint oil in IBS). D.K. and A.A.M.M. have received grants from ZonMw, The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development, to evaluate efficacy of peppermint oil in IBS, hypnotherapy in IBS, and the efficacy of nortriptyline in functional dyspepsia. D.K. and A.A.M.M. have received research funding from Allergan and Gr\u00fcnenthal on IBS topics. D.K. has received research funding from the Dutch Foundation for Gastroenterology (Maag-Lever-Darmstichting) for IBS and United Europe Gastroenterology (UEG) for fecal incontinence. A.A.M.M. has given scientific advice to Bayer (topic: IBS), to Kyowa Kirin (topic: constipation), and to Takeda (topic: gastroparesis). A.A.M.M. received funding from Pentax Europe GmbH. A.A.M.M. has received funding from the Dutch Cancer Society related to endoscopy and to colorectal polyps. A.B. reported no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}