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Participants were followed up every 3 to 12\u00a0months up to 6\u00a0years for diet, islet autoantibodies, and T1D. Dietary intake of several fatty acids at the age of 3\u00a0months to 6\u00a0years was assessed 1\u20138 times per participant with a 3-day food record. Joint models adjusted for energy intake, sex, HLA genotype and familial diabetes were used to investigate the associations of longitudinal intake of fatty acids and the development of islet autoimmunity and T1D.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the 6-year follow-up, 247 (4.4%) children of 5626 developed islet autoimmunity and 94 (1.7%) children of 5674 developed T1D. Higher intake of monounsaturated fatty acids (HR 0.63; 95% CI 0.47, 0.82), arachidonic acid (0.69; 0.50, 0.94), total<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>-3 fatty acids (0.64; 0.48, 0.84), and long-chain<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>-3 fatty acids (0.14; 0.04, 0.43), was associated with a decreased risk of islet autoimmunity with and without energy adjustment. Higher intake of total fat (0.73; 0.53, 0.98), and saturated fatty acids (0.55; 0.33, 0.90) was associated with a decreased risk of T1D only when energy adjusted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intake of several fatty acids was associated with a decreased risk of islet autoimmunity or T1D among high-risk children. Our findings support the idea that dietary factors, including<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>-3 fatty acids, may play a role in the disease process of T1D.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-022-03035-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T21:03:13Z","timestamp":1666731793000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Dietary fatty acid intake in childhood and the risk of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes: the DIPP birth cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7115-6035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leena","family":"Hakola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5658-1305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna-Leena","family":"Vuorinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna-Mari","family":"Takkinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sari","family":"Niinist\u00f6","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suvi","family":"Ahonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenna","family":"Rautanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5782-3089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Essi J.","family":"Peltonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6295-0245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaakko","family":"Nevalainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9973-2062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorma","family":"Ilonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorma","family":"Toppari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6557-270X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riitta","family":"Veijola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0474-0033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikael","family":"Knip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8928-0878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suvi M.","family":"Virtanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"3035_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0254-y","volume":"15","author":"J Ilonen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ilonen J, Lempainen J, Veijola R (2019) The heterogeneous pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus. 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