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We determined whether, compared with placebo, vitamin D supplementation taken prior to and during a 12-week exercise program improves physical function, body composition or metabolic health, in overweight and obese older adults with vitamin D deficiency.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fifty overweight or obese older adults (mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD age: 60\u2009\u00b1\u20096\u00a0years; BMI 30.6\u2009\u00b1\u20095.7\u00a0kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) with vitamin D deficiency (25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]\u2009&lt;\u200950\u00a0nmol\/L) were recruited. Participants were randomly allocated to receive either vitamin D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>(4000\u00a0IU\/day) or matching placebo for 24\u00a0weeks. Between weeks 12 and 24, all participants completed multi-modal exercise three days per week while continuing with vitamin D\/placebo. Mean changes in physical function (primary outcome: gait speed), body composition and biochemical parameters at weeks 12 and 24 were compared between groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vitamin D supplementation, with or without exercise, had no effect on gait speed. From baseline to week 12, vitamin D supplementation increased serum 25(OH)D levels (placebo: 2.5\u2009\u00b1\u200914.7\u00a0nmol\/L; treatment: 43.4\u2009\u00b1\u200918.4\u00a0nmol\/L;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and reduced stair climb times (placebo: 0.3\u2009\u00b1\u20091.0\u00a0s; treatment: \u2212\u00a00.2\u2009\u00b1\u20091.0\u00a0s;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.046). From 12 to 24\u00a0weeks, vitamin D supplementation combined with exercise decreased waist circumference (placebo: 1.3\u2009\u00b1\u20097.3\u00a0cm; treatment: \u2212\u00a03.0\u2009\u00b1\u20096.1\u00a0cm;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02) and waist-to-hip ratio (placebo: 0.01\u2009\u00b1\u20090.05; treatment: \u2212\u00a00.03\u2009\u00b1\u20090.05;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01) relative to placebo. Vitamin D supplementation, with or without exercise, had no effect on other physical function, body composition or metabolic health outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vitamin D supplementation had no effect on most physical function, body composition or metabolic health parameters when taken alone, or during exercise, in overweight or obese older adults with vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D-related improvements in stair climb times and waist circumference suggest that future trials should explore the effects of vitamin D on muscle power, and its effects on body composition when combined with exercise, in populations with moderate or severe vitamin D deficiency.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-022-03038-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T17:04:06Z","timestamp":1667581446000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Vitamin D supplementation and exercise for improving physical function, body composition and metabolic health in overweight or obese older adults with vitamin D deficiency: a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1297-2731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Mesinovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2955-0642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander J.","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mavil May","family":"Cervo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anoohya","family":"Gandham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia L.H.","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Costas","family":"Glavas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbora","family":"de Courten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayse","family":"Zengin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter R.","family":"Ebeling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"3038_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2010.03858.x","volume":"73","author":"D Scott","year":"2010","unstructured":"Scott D, Blizzard L, Fell J et al (2010) A prospective study of the associations between 25-hydroxy-vitamin D, sarcopenia progression and physical activity in older adults. 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