{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T13:06:46Z","timestamp":1782738406324,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690416000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Bergen"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Dietary intake may have pronounced effects on circulating biomarker concentrations. Therefore, the aim was to provide a descriptive overview of serum metabolite concentrations in relation to time since last meal, focusing on amino acids, lipids, one-carbon metabolites, and biomarkers of vitamin status.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We used baseline data from the observational community-based Hordaland Health Study, including 2960 participants aged 46\u201349\u00a0years and 2874 participants aged 70\u201374\u00a0years. A single blood draw was taken from each participant, and time since last meal varied. Estimated marginal geometric mean metabolite concentrations were plotted as a function of time since last meal, up to 7\u00a0h, adjusted for age, sex, and BMI.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We observed a common pattern for nearly all amino acids and one-carbon metabolites with highest concentrations during the first 3\u00a0h after dietary intake. Homocysteine and cysteine were lowest the 1st hour after a meal, while no patterns were observed for glutamate and glutamic acid. The concentrations of phylloquinone and triglycerides were highest 1\u00a0h after dietary intake. Thiamine and thiamine monophosphate concentrations were highest, while flavin mononucleotide concentrations were lowest within the first 2\u00a0h after a meal. No clear patterns emerged for the other fat-soluble vitamins, blood lipids, or B-vitamin biomarkers.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our findings suggest that distinguishing between \u201cfasting\u201d and \u201cnon-fasting\u201d blood samples may be inadequate, and a more granular approach is warranted. This may have implications for how to account for dietary intake when blood sampling in both clinical and research settings.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-023-03211-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T07:02:31Z","timestamp":1690441351000},"page":"3079-3095","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Exploratory analyses on the effect of time since last meal on concentrations of amino acids, lipids, one-carbon metabolites, and vitamins in the Hordaland Health Study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3640-7673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c5slaug Matre","family":"Anfinsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanne","family":"Rosendahl-Riise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ottar","family":"Nyg\u00e5rd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grethe Seppola","family":"Tell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per Magne","family":"Ueland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arve","family":"Ulvik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"McCann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jutta","family":"Dierkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vegard","family":"Lysne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"3211_CR1","first-page":"143","volume":"163","author":"E White","year":"2011","unstructured":"White E (2011) Measurement error in biomarkers: sources, assessment, and impact on studies. IARC Sci Publ 163:143\u2013161","journal-title":"IARC Sci Publ"},{"issue":"1","key":"3211_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2013.10.019","volume":"232","author":"D David Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"David Wang D, Sievenpiper JL, de Souza RJ, Cozma AI, Chiavaroli L, Ha V, Mirrahimi A, Carleton AJ, Di Buono M, Jenkins AL, Leiter LA, Wolever TM, Beyene J, Kendall CW, Jenkins DJ (2014) Effect of fructose on postprandial triglycerides: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials. Atherosclerosis 232(1):125\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2013.10.019","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"3211_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8090580","author":"M Monfort-Pires","year":"2016","unstructured":"Monfort-Pires M, Delgado-Lista J, Gomez-Delgado F, Lopez-Miranda J, Perez-Martinez P, Ferreira SR (2016) Impact of the content of fatty acids of oral fat tolerance tests on postprandial triglyceridemia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu8090580","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"4","key":"3211_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy112","volume":"108","author":"K Musa-Veloso","year":"2018","unstructured":"Musa-Veloso K, Poon T, Harkness LS, O\u2019Shea M, Chu Y (2018) The effects of whole-grain compared with refined wheat, rice, and rye on the postprandial blood glucose response: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 108(4):759\u2013774. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy112","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"3211_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-019-0534-6","volume":"74","author":"A Kdekian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kdekian A, Alssema M, Van Der Beek EM, Greyling A, Vermeer MA, Mela DJ, Trautwein EA (2020) Impact of isocaloric exchanges of carbohydrate for fat on postprandial glucose, insulin, triglycerides, and free fatty acid responses-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr 74(1):1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41430-019-0534-6","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"3211_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2013.11.008","volume":"432","author":"AM Simundic","year":"2014","unstructured":"Simundic AM, Cornes M, Grankvist K, Lippi G, Nybo M (2014) Standardization of collection requirements for fasting samples: for the working group on preanalytical phase (WG-PA) of the European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (EFLM). Clin Chim Acta 432:33\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cca.2013.11.008","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"3211_CR7","volume-title":"Metabolic regulation\u2014a human perspective","author":"KN Frayn","year":"2010","unstructured":"Frayn KN (2010) Metabolic regulation\u2014a human perspective, 3rd edn. Wiley-Blackwell, New York","edition":"3"},{"issue":"12","key":"3211_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2018-0602","volume":"56","author":"AM Simundic","year":"2018","unstructured":"Simundic AM, B\u00f6lenius K, Cadamuro J, Church S, Cornes MP, van Dongen-Lases EC, Eker P, Erdeljanovic T, Grankvist K, Guimaraes JT, Hoke R, Ibarz M, Ivanov H, Kovalevskaya S, Kristensen GBB, Lima-Oliveira G, Lippi G, von Meyer A, Nybo M, De la Salle B, Seipelt C, Sumarac Z, Vermeersch P (2018) Joint EFLM-COLABIOCLI recommendation for venous blood sampling. Clin Chem Lab Med 56(12):2015\u20132038. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/cclm-2018-0602","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"3211_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab223","author":"JL LaBarre","year":"2021","unstructured":"LaBarre JL, Singer K, Burant CF (2021) Advantages of studying the metabolome in response to mixed-macronutrient challenges and suggestions for future research designs. J Nutr. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/nxab223","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"25","key":"3211_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw152","volume":"37","author":"BG Nordestgaard","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nordestgaard BG, Langsted A, Mora S, Kolovou G, Baum H, Bruckert E, Watts GF, Sypniewska G, Wiklund O, Bor\u00e9n J, Chapman MJ, Cobbaert C, Descamps OS, von Eckardstein A, Kamstrup PR, Pulkki K, Kronenberg F, Remaley AT, Rifai N, Ros E, Langlois M (2016) Fasting is not routinely required for determination of a lipid profile: clinical and laboratory implications including flagging at desirable concentration cut-points-a joint consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society and European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. Eur Heart J 37(25):1944\u20131958. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw152","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"29","key":"3211_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw106","volume":"37","author":"MF Piepoli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Piepoli MF, Hoes AW, Agewall S, Albus C, Brotons C, Catapano AL, Cooney MT, Corr\u00e0 U, Cosyns B, Deaton C, Graham I, Hall MS, Hobbs FDR, L\u00f8chen ML, L\u00f6llgen H, Marques-Vidal P, Perk J, Prescott E, Redon J, Richter DJ, Sattar N, Smulders Y, Tiberi M, van der Worp HB, van Dis I, Verschuren WMM, Binno S (2016) 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: The Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts)Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR). Eur Heart J 37(29):2315\u20132381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw106","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"4","key":"3211_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.4.1214","volume":"131","author":"E Nurk","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nurk E, Tell GS, Nyg\u00e5rd O, Refsum H, Ueland PM, Vollset SE (2001) Plasma total homocysteine is influenced by prandial status in humans: the Hordaland Hhomocysteine study. J Nutr 131(4):1214\u20131216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/131.4.1214","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"3211_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1731S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.6.1731S","volume":"136","author":"H Refsum","year":"2006","unstructured":"Refsum H, Nurk E, Smith AD, Ueland PM, Gjesdal CG, Bjelland I, Tverdal A, Tell GS, Nyg\u00e5rd O, Vollset SE (2006) The hordaland homocysteine study: a community-based study of homocysteine, its determinants, and associations with disease. J Nutr 136(6):1731S-1740S. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/136.6.1731S","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"8","key":"3211_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1080\/00365510410003057","volume":"64","author":"BE Vikse","year":"2004","unstructured":"Vikse BE, Vollset SE, Tell GS, Refsum H, Iversen BM (2004) Distribution and determinants of serum creatinine in the general population: the Hordaland Health Study. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 64(8):709\u2013722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00365510410003057","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest"},{"key":"3211_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13121236","author":"S Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim S (2016) Overview of cotinine cutoff values for smoking status classification. Int J Environ Res Public Health. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph13121236","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"19","key":"3211_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.280532","volume":"310","author":"SS Martin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Martin SS, Blaha MJ, Elshazly MB, Toth PP, Kwiterovich PO, Blumenthal RS, Jones SR (2013) Comparison of a novel method vs the Friedewald equation for estimating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels from the standard lipid profile. JAMA 310(19):2061\u20132068. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2013.280532","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"3211_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2021.09.046","volume":"15","author":"PWF Wilson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wilson PWF, Jacobson TA, Martin SS, Jackson EJ, Le NA, Davidson MH, Vesper HW, Frikke-Schmidt R, Ballantyne CM, Remaley AT (2021) Lipid measurements in the management of cardiovascular diseases: practical recommendations a scientific statement from the national lipid association writing group. J Clin Lipidol 15(5):629\u2013648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacl.2021.09.046","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"issue":"21","key":"3211_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10427","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b02325","volume":"88","author":"\u00d8 Midttun","year":"2016","unstructured":"Midttun \u00d8, McCann A, Aarseth O, Krokeide M, Kvalheim G, Meyer K, Ueland PM (2016) Combined measurement of 6 fat-soluble vitamins and 26 water-soluble functional vitamin markers and amino acids in 50 \u03bcL of serum or plasma by high-throughput mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 88(21):10427\u201310436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b02325","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"issue":"6","key":"3211_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-012-6602-6","volume":"405","author":"\u00d8 Midttun","year":"2013","unstructured":"Midttun \u00d8, Kvalheim G, Ueland PM (2013) High-throughput, low-volume, multianalyte quantification of plasma metabolites related to one-carbon metabolism using HPLC-MS\/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 405(6):2009\u20132017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00216-012-6602-6","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"issue":"9","key":"3211_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.4013","volume":"23","author":"\u00d8 Midttun","year":"2009","unstructured":"Midttun \u00d8, Hustad S, Ueland PM (2009) Quantitative profiling of biomarkers related to B-vitamin status, tryptophan metabolism and inflammation in human plasma by liquid chromatography\/tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 23(9):1371\u20131379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rcm.4013","journal-title":"Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom"},{"issue":"7","key":"3211_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.44.7.592","volume":"44","author":"BP Kelleher","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kelleher BP, Broin SD (1991) Microbiological assay for vitamin B12 performed in 96-well microtitre plates. J Clin Pathol 44(7):592\u2013595. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jcp.44.7.592","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3211_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.45.4.344","volume":"45","author":"S O'Broin","year":"1992","unstructured":"O\u2019Broin S, Kelleher B (1992) Microbiological assay on microtitre plates of folate in serum and red cells. J Clin Pathol 45(4):344\u2013347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jcp.45.4.344","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"43","key":"3211_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01686","volume":"4","author":"A Wickham","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wickham A et al (2019) Welcome to the tidyverse. J Open Sour Softw 4(43):1686. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21105\/joss.01686","journal-title":"J Open Sour Softw"},{"issue":"4","key":"3211_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.24.4.775","volume":"24","author":"AD Association","year":"2001","unstructured":"Association AD (2001) Postprandial blood glucose. Diabetes Care 24(4):775\u2013778. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diacare.24.4.775","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"3211_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2020.104890","volume":"113","author":"AMH Horstman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Horstman AMH, Ganzevles RA, Kudla U, Kardinaal AFM, van den Borne JJGC, Huppertz T (2021) Postprandial blood amino acid concentrations in older adults after consumption of dairy products: the role of the dairy matrix. Int Dairy J 113:104890. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.idairyj.2020.104890","journal-title":"Int Dairy J"},{"issue":"5","key":"3211_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.5.1308","volume":"133","author":"B Cc","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cc B, Metges CC, Gaudichon C, Petzke KJ, Pueyo ME, Cl M, Everwand J, Benamouzig R, Tom\u00e9 D (2003) Postprandial kinetics of dietary amino acids are the main determinant of their metabolism after soy or milk protein ingestion in humans. J Nutr 133(5):1308\u20131315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/133.5.1308","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"3211_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1079\/bjn2002760","volume":"89","author":"WL Hall","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hall WL, Millward DJ, Long SJ, Morgan LM (2003) Casein and whey exert different effects on plasma amino acid profiles, gastrointestinal hormone secretion and appetite. Br J Nutr 89(2):239\u2013248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1079\/bjn2002760","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"3211_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy100","volume":"108","author":"M Markova","year":"2018","unstructured":"Markova M, Hornemann S, Sucher S, Wegner K, Pivovarova O, Rudovich N, Thomann R, Schneeweiss R, Rohn S, Pfeiffer AFH (2018) Rate of appearance of amino acids after a meal regulates insulin and glucagon secretion in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 108(2):279\u2013291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy100","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"3211_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2017.09.007","volume":"47","author":"JL Hudson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hudson JL, Paddon-Jones D, Campbell WW (2017) Whey protein supplementation 2 hours after a lower protein breakfast restores plasma essential amino acid availability comparable to a higher protein breakfast in overweight adults. Nutr Res 47:90\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nutres.2017.09.007","journal-title":"Nutr Res"},{"key":"3211_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.me.41.020190.001025","volume":"41","author":"RH Erickson","year":"1990","unstructured":"Erickson RH, Kim YS (1990) Digestion and absorption of dietary protein. Annu Rev Med 41:133\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.me.41.020190.001025","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"3211_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11122893","author":"P Sharma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sharma P, Gillies N, Pundir S, Pileggi CA, Markworth JF, Thorstensen EB, Cameron-Smith D, Milan AM (2019) Comparison of the acute postprandial circulating B-vitamin and vitamer responses to single breakfast meals in young and older individuals: preliminary secondary outcomes of a randomized controlled trial. Nutrients. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu11122893","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"3211_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00207","volume":"10","author":"S Dhir","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dhir S, Tarasenko M, Napoli E, Giulivi C (2019) Neurological, psychiatric, and biochemical aspects of thiamine deficiency in children and adults. Front Psychiatry 10:207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00207","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"3211_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2003.10719279","volume":"22","author":"GD Kolovou","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kolovou GD, Daskalova D, Iraklianou SA, Adamopoulou EN, Pilatis ND, Hatzigeorgiou GC, Cokkinos DV (2003) Postprandial lipemia in hypertension. J Am Coll Nutr 22(1):80\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07315724.2003.10719279","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"issue":"12","key":"3211_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.56.12.937","volume":"56","author":"G Kolovou","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kolovou G, Daskalova D, Anagnostopoulou K, Hoursalas I, Voudris V, Mikhailidis DP, Cokkinos DV (2003) Postprandial hypertriglyceridaemia in patients with Tangier disease. J Clin Pathol 56(12):937\u2013941. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jcp.56.12.937","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3211_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9150(96)05832-7","volume":"124","author":"E Meyer","year":"1996","unstructured":"Meyer E, Westerveld HT, de Ruyter-Meijstek FC, van Greevenbroek MM, Rienks R, van Rijn HJ, Erkelens DW, de Bruin TW (1996) Abnormal postprandial apolipoprotein B-48 and triglyceride responses in normolipidemic women with greater than 70% stenotic coronary artery disease: a case-control study. Atherosclerosis 124(2):221\u2013235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0021-9150(96)05832-7","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"2","key":"3211_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcm137","volume":"101","author":"LM Ntyintyane","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ntyintyane LM, Panz VR, Raal FJ, Gill GV (2008) Postprandial lipaemia, metabolic syndrome and LDL particle size in urbanised South African blacks with and without coronary artery disease. QJM Int J Med 101(2):111\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/qjmed\/hcm137","journal-title":"QJM Int J Med"},{"issue":"20","key":"3211_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.108.804146","volume":"118","author":"A Langsted","year":"2008","unstructured":"Langsted A, Freiberg JJ, Nordestgaard BG (2008) Fasting and nonfasting lipid levels: influence of normal food intake on lipids, lipoproteins, apolipoproteins, and cardiovascular risk prediction. Circulation 118(20):2047\u20132056. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/circulationaha.108.804146","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"3211_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1017\/s000711450774268x","volume":"98","author":"J Lopez-Miranda","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lopez-Miranda J, Williams C, Lairon D (2007) Dietary, physiological, genetic and pathological influences on postprandial lipid metabolism. Br J Nutr 98(3):458\u2013473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s000711450774268x","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"3211_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2018.08.009","volume":"61","author":"B \u00d6zbek\u0130pte\u00e7","year":"2018","unstructured":"\u00d6zbek\u0130pte\u00e7 B, Balik AR, Y\u00fcksel S, Yilmaz FM, Yilmaz G (2018) Hemodilution is not the only reason of difference: comparison of fasting and non-fasting lipoproteins in paired samples. Clin Biochem 61:28\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2018.08.009","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"issue":"9","key":"3211_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2011.168104","volume":"57","author":"SS Lund","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lund SS, Jensen T (2011) Using nonfasting lipids\u2014hemodilution or convenience? Clin Chem 57(9):1336\u20131338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1373\/clinchem.2011.168104","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"4","key":"3211_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)38520-5","volume":"29","author":"JS Cohn","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohn JS, McNamara JR, Cohn SD, Ordovas JM, Schaefer EJ (1988) Postprandial plasma lipoprotein changes in human subjects of different ages. J Lipid Res 29(4):469\u2013479","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"3211_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez-Miranda J, Marin C. Dietary, Physiological, and Genetic Impacts on Postprandial Lipid Metabolism. In: Montmayeur JP, le Coutre J (eds) Fat detection: taste, texture, and post ingestive effects. Boca Raton: CRC Press\/Taylor & Francis; 2010. Chapter 17. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK53545\/.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420067767-c17"},{"issue":"8","key":"3211_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1080\/14779072.2018.1497974","volume":"16","author":"SG Chrysant","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chrysant SG, Chrysant GS (2018) The current status of homocysteine as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease: a mini review. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 16(8):559\u2013565. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14779072.2018.1497974","journal-title":"Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"3211_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-171042","volume":"62","author":"AD Smith","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smith AD, Refsum H, Bottiglieri T, Fenech M, Hooshmand B, McCaddon A, Miller JW, Rosenberg IH, Obeid R (2018) Homocysteine and dementia: an international consensus statement. J Alzheimers Dis 62(2):561\u2013570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jad-171042","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"3211_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2794591","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2794591","volume":"2016","author":"X Zhao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhao X, Han Q, Liu Y, Sun C, Gang X, Wang G (2016) The relationship between branched-chain amino acid related metabolomic signature and insulin resistance: a systematic review. J Diabetes Res 2016:2794591. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/2794591","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"3211_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-12-21","volume":"12","author":"C Bennette","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bennette C, Vickers A (2012) Against quantiles: categorization of continuous variables in epidemiologic research, and its discontents. BMC Med Res Methodol 12(1):21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2288-12-21","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3211_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.11-198093","volume":"26","author":"S Krug","year":"2012","unstructured":"Krug S, Kastenm\u00fcller G, St\u00fcckler F, Rist MJ, Skurk T, Sailer M, Raffler J, R\u00f6misch-Margl W, Adamski J, Prehn C, Frank T, Engel KH, Hofmann T, Luy B, Zimmermann R, Moritz F, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Krumsiek J, Kremer W, Huber F, Oeh U, Theis FJ, Szymczak W, Hauner H, Suhre K, Daniel H (2012) The dynamic range of the human metabolome revealed by challenges. Faseb J 26(6):2607\u20132619. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fj.11-198093","journal-title":"Faseb J"},{"key":"3211_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111763","author":"M Takahashi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Takahashi M, Ozaki M, Kang MI, Sasaki H, Fukazawa M, Iwakami T, Lim PJ, Kim HK, Aoyama S, Shibata S (2018) Effects of meal timing on postprandial glucose metabolism and blood metabolites in healthy adults. Nutrients. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu10111763","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"3211_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11050328","author":"TPM Hancox","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hancox TPM, Skene DJ, Dallmann R, Dunn WB (2021) Tick-tock consider the clock: the influence of circadian and external cycles on time of day variation in the human metabolome\u2014a review. Metabolites. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo11050328","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"issue":"4","key":"3211_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2015.200","volume":"70","author":"E Degerud","year":"2016","unstructured":"Degerud E, Hoff R, Nyg\u00e5rd O, Strand E, Nilsen DW, Nordrehaug JE, Midttun \u00d8, Ueland PM, de Vogel S, Dierkes J (2016) Cosinor modelling of seasonal variation in 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in cardiovascular patients in Norway. Eur J Clin Nutr 70(4):517\u2013522. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ejcn.2015.200","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00394-023-03211-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00394-023-03211-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00394-023-03211-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T14:10:34Z","timestamp":1693404634000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00394-023-03211-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["3211"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00394-023-03211-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1436-6207","1436-6215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1436-6207","type":"print"},{"value":"1436-6215","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 January 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 July 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 July 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The Hordaland Health Study was carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics (REC, REC No. 2009\/825) and the Norwegian Data Inspectorate. All participants provided written informed consent. The analyses presented here were approved by REK (REK No. 184165).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}