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This study aims to investigate the effects and mechanisms of the combination of <jats:italic>Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Bp<\/jats:italic>) and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA) on PMO.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The effects of <jats:italic>Bp<\/jats:italic> and 3-HAA on PMO were evaluated in ovariectomized (OVX) rats by assessing stereological parameters, femur microstructure, and autophagy levels. The T helper (Th) 17\/Regulatory T (Treg) cells of rats were detected using flow cytometric analysis. Furthermore, the impact of <jats:italic>Bp<\/jats:italic> and 3-HAA on the gut microbiota of rats was assessed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The correlation between the gut microbiota of rats and Th17\/Treg immune factors, as well as femoral stereo parameters, was separately assessed using Spearman rank correlation analysis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p><jats:italic>Bp<\/jats:italic> and 3-HAA treatments protected OVX rats by promoting osteogenesis and inhibiting autophagy. Compared to the Sham group, OVX rats showed an increase in Th17 cells and a decrease in Treg cells. <jats:italic>Bp<\/jats:italic> and 3-HAA reversed these changes. <jats:italic>Enterorhabdus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic> were significantly enriched in OVX rats. <jats:italic>Bp<\/jats:italic> and 3-HAA regulated the gut microbiota of OVX rats, enriching pathways related to nutrient metabolism and immune function. There was a correlation between the gut microbiota and the Th17\/Treg, as well as femoral stereo parameters. The concurrent administration of Bp and 3-HAA medication facilitated the enrichment of gut microbiota associated with the improvement of PMO.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The combination therapy of <jats:italic>Bp<\/jats:italic> and 3-HAA can prevent PMO by modulating the gut microbiota and restoring Th17\/Treg immune homeostasis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-024-03400-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T07:02:08Z","timestamp":1715842928000},"page":"1945-1959","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The combination of Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid prevents postmenopausal osteoporosis by modulating gut microbiota and Th17\/Treg"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Fuping","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinsheng","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3655-2494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wuping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"3400_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: the 2021 position statement of The North American Menopause Society (2021). 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