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This study aimed to estimate the bioavailability of Australian pre-schooler iron intakes across the day and by eating occasions to identify optimal timing for intervention, by using five previously developed algorithms, and to estimate the proportion of children with intakes of absorbable iron below the requirements.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Dietary data of children aged 2 to &lt;\u20096 y (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009812) from the 2011\u201312 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey were collected via two 24-h recalls. Usual food and nutrient intakes were estimated via Multiple Source Method. Phytate, polyphenol, and heme iron values were sourced from international databases or the literature. Five previously published algorithms were applied to observed dietary data to estimate iron bioavailability and calculate the prevalence of children with intakes of absorbable iron below requirements.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Pre-schooler daily iron bioavailability was low (2.7\u201310.5%) and corresponded to intakes of 0.18\u20130.75\u00a0mg\/d of absorbable iron. The proportion of children with inadequate intakes of absorbable iron ranged between 32 and 98%. For all eating occasions, dinner offered iron of the greatest bioavailability (4.2\u201316.4%), while iron consumed at breakfast was of the lowest bioavailability (1.2\u20135.6%).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Future strategies are required to improve intakes of bioavailable iron for pre-schoolers to prevent the risk of deficiency. These strategies could include the encouragement of concomitant consumption of enhancers of iron absorption with iron-rich sources, particularly at breakfast.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-024-03441-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T10:01:55Z","timestamp":1718359315000},"page":"2587-2598","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Bioavailability of Australian pre-schooler iron intakes at specific eating occasions is low"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8398-8995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda A.","family":"Atkins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5936-9820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah A.","family":"McNaughton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9029-1718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alison C.","family":"Spence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lenore J.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5333-0164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca M.","family":"Leech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6533-7945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa A.","family":"Szymlek-Gay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"04","key":"3441_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980008002401","volume":"12","author":"E McLean","year":"2009","unstructured":"McLean E, Cogswell M, Egli I, Wojdyla D, de Benoist B (2009) Worldwide prevalence of anaemia, WHO Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System, 1993\u20132005. 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