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Patients with RA often believe that food intake affects disease activity, and that intake of red meat aggravate symptoms. The main objective of the Postprandial Inflammation in Rheumatoid Arthritis (PIRA) trial was to assess whether postprandial inflammation and serum lipid profile are affected differently by a meal including red meat, fatty fish, or a soy protein (vegan) meal.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Using a randomized controlled crossover design, 25 patients were assigned to eat isocaloric hamburger meals consisting of red meat (60% beef, 40% pork), fatty fish (salmon), or soy protein for breakfast. Blood samples were taken before meals and at intervals up to 5\u00a0h postprandial. The analysis included the inflammation marker interleukin 6 (IL-6) and serum lipids.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>No significant differences in postprandial IL-6 or triglyceride concentrations were found between meals. However, the area under the curve of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) particle counts, as well as VLDL-4-bound cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids, was higher after the fatty fish compared to both red meat and soy protein.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Postprandial inflammation assessed by IL-6 did not indicate any acute negative effects of red meat intake compared to fatty fish- or soy protein in patients with RA. The fatty fish meal resulted in a higher number of VLDL-particles and more lipids in the form of small VLDL particles compared to the other protein sources.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-024-03451-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T10:02:15Z","timestamp":1719482535000},"page":"2631-2642","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A randomized controlled cross-over trial investigating the acute inflammatory and metabolic response after meals based on red meat, fatty fish, or soy protein: the postprandial inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (PIRA) trial"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3416-2748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik","family":"Hulander","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1612-1697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linnea","family":"B\u00e4rebring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9122-7240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Winkvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9301-4844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inger","family":"Gjertsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2627-0434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen M.","family":"Lindqvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"3451_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-215920","volume":"78","author":"S Safiri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Safiri S, Kolahi AA, Hoy D, Smith E, Bettampadi D, Mansournia MA, Almasi-Hashiani A, Ashrafi-Asgarabad A, Moradi-Lakeh M, Qorbani M, Collins G, Woolf AD, March L, Cross M (2019) Global, regional and national burden of rheumatoid arthritis 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease study 2017. 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