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Cross-sectional studies in Singapore were conducted on the National University of Singapore (NUS) campus annually between 2005 and 2022, under the approval of the Institutional Review Board (NUS-IRB Reference Code: NUS-07-023, NUS-09-256, NUS-10-445, NUS-13-075, NUS-14-150, and NUS-18-036) and by the Helsinki declaration. Cross-sectional studies in Malaysia were held in the Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), and Sunway University. Ethical approval was granted respectively from the Scientific and Ethical Review Committee (SERC) of UTAR (Ref. code: U\/SERC\/03\/2016) and Sunway University Research Ethics Committee (Ref. code: SUREC 2019\/029). Before the data collection, all participants involved signed an informed consent form.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent"}},{"value":"All authors have read and consented to the publication of this manuscript.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}],"article-number":"38"}}