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This study aims to assess the vitamin D status and its determinants among infants and toddlers in Hong Kong, two of the most vulnerable groups at risk of vitamin D insufficiency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A multi-centre cross-sectional study recruiting 887 infants and toddlers was conducted. A comprehensive assessment on potential factors that can influence vitamin D status as well as serum vitamin D concentration was conducted for all participants. Regression analyses were conducted to assess the factors contributing to the vitamin D insufficiency risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      124 (14.0%) infants and toddlers were vitamin D insufficient and 44 (5.0%) were vitamin D deficient, with higher prevalence observed among younger infants (aged 2 to 6 months). Majority did not consume any vitamin D-containing supplement (86.5%) which was associated with higher risk of vitamin D insufficiency (aOR\u2009=\u20092.16,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.017). An increment of 100IU in total daily vitamin D intake lowered the risk of vitamin D insufficiency (aOR\u2009=\u20090.50,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) in older infants and toddlers. Being breastfed increased vitamin D insufficiency risk in younger infants (aOR\u2009=\u200924.91,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and in older infants and toddlers (aOR\u2009=\u20097.36,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Further analyses identified distinctive pattern among factors that can influence 25(OH)D3, 25(OH)D2, and 3-epi-25(OH)D3 concentrations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Low total vitamin D intake and lack of supplementation practice were the key contributing factors to vitamin D insufficiency among infants and toddlers in Hong Kong. Detailed guidelines and support should be provided to meet their respective daily vitamin D intake requirement to further tackle the vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency among these vulnerable populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-025-03691-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T09:36:21Z","timestamp":1749634581000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Vitamin D status and its determinants among Chinese infants and toddlers in Hong Kong"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Keith T. 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