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We assessed the association between VMS intake and cognition.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Data from three follow-ups of the population-based CoLaus|PsyColaus cohort. Participants aged\u2009\u2265\u200965 years were included and categorized as VMS consumers or non-consumers. Cognitive tests included the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Stroop colour test, the CERAD praxis items, lexical and semantic fluency tasks, and the Grober and Buschke episodic memory test.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>There were 925 (64.5% women), 836 (41.1%), and 516 (29.4%) participants from the first (2009\u20132013), second (2014\u20132018) and third (2019\u20132021) follow-ups, respectively. After multivariable adjustment, no significant differences were found between VMS non-consumers and consumers regarding almost all cognitive tests. The multivariable-adjusted mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SEM of MMSE for VMS non-consumers vs. consumers were 29.27\u2009\u00b1\u20090.06 vs. 29.28\u2009\u00b1\u20090.09, 29.21\u2009\u00b1\u20090.06 vs. 29.28\u2009\u00b1\u20090.07 and 29.32\u2009\u00b1\u20090.08 vs. 29.21\u2009\u00b1\u20090.09 for the first, second, and third follow-ups, all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05. The exceptions were Stroop C, where non-consumers had a statistically better but clinically irrelevant performance than consumers at the third follow-up: effect size 0.30 (0.01; 0.58) <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.042 and the Grober and Buschke test in the first follow-up, where VMS consumers scored better than non-consumers in free recall: 9.11\u2009\u00b1\u20090.15 vs. 8.55\u2009\u00b1\u20090.10 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003), with opposite findings in cued recall: 5.99\u2009\u00b1\u20090.14 vs. 6.48\u2009\u00b1\u20090.09 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.004).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We found no clinically significant association between VMS use and cognitive performance.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-025-03700-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]],"date-time":"2025-05-24T05:58:58Z","timestamp":1748066338000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Vitamin-mineral supplements and cognition among adults aged 65 and older: multiple cross-sectional population-based studies"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Daniela","family":"Marques","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5689-4259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Preisig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4548-8500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Marques-Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"3700_CR1","unstructured":"Office f\u00e9d\u00e9ral de la statistique (2023) La Suisse a poursuivi sa croissance d\u00e9mographique en 2022 - Effectif et \u00e9volution de la population en Suisse en 2022: r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs|. 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Nutrients 12(4):1168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12041168","journal-title":"Nutrients"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00394-025-03700-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00394-025-03700-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00394-025-03700-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T15:33:01Z","timestamp":1757172781000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00394-025-03700-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["3700"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00394-025-03700-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1436-6207","1436-6215"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1436-6207"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1436-6215"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The institutional Ethics Committee of the University of Lausanne, which afterward became the Ethics Commission of Canton Vaud () approved the baseline CoLaus study (reference 16\/03). The approval was renewed for the first (reference 33\/09), the second (reference 26\/14) and the third (reference PB_2018\u2009\u2212\u2009000408) follow-ups. The approval for the entire CoLaus|PsyCoLaus study was confirmed in 2021 (reference PB_2018-00038, 239\/09). The full decisions of the CER-VD can be obtained from the authors upon request. The study was performed in agreement with the Helsinki Declaration and its former amendments and by the applicable Swiss legislation. All participants gave their signed informed consent before entering the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"No generative AI technology was used to write this manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declaration of Generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"184"}}