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Consequently, this study aimed to determine the relationship between self-reported LI and bone health in Japanese adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A community-based nutritional survey, including self-reported LI and forearm bone mineral density (BMD) measurements, was conducted. In 843 healthy Japanese adults, as part of an annual medical checkup at the Iwaki Health Promotion Project 2023, self-reported LI prevalence was characterized based on the presence of subjective abdominal symptoms after consuming lactose-containing foods. Relationships among self-reported LI, dairy consumption, calcium intake, and BMD were analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Participants with the self-reported LI (n\u2009=\u2009191, 22.7% of the participants) had lower intakes of milk and calcium than those without self-reported LI (n\u2009=\u2009652; 32.9\u2009\u00b1\u200983.8 vs. 63.4\u2009\u00b1\u2009111.9\u00a0g\/1000\u00a0kcal\/d for milk and 243.7\u2009\u00b1\u2009140.4 vs. 285.5\u2009\u00b1\u2009162.3\u00a0mg\/1000\u00a0kcal\/d for calcium, respectively). The presence of self-reported LI was associated with the decreased BMD Z-score after adjustments with age, sex, body mass index, smoking, alcohol, vitamin D, and walking speed (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u20130.1615,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.042), and comparison using propensity score matching revealed that self-reported LI was associated with a significant decrease in BMD parameters after the adjustments (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u2009\u2212\u2009\u20090.2543, \u2212\u20090.3903, and \u2212\u20090.0148;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.007, 0.010, and 0.023 for Z-score, T-score, and BMD itself, respectively).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Self-reported LI is negatively associated with calcium intake and bone health in healthy Japanese adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      UMIN000040459 (\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/center6.umin.ac.jp\/cgi-open-bin\/ctr\/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000046175\" ext-link-type=\"uri\">https:\/\/center6.umin.ac.jp\/cgi-open-bin\/ctr\/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000046175<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ). Registration date: May 20, 2020.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-025-03856-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T10:26:25Z","timestamp":1765016785000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Self-reported lactose intolerance is inversely associated with calcium intake and bone mineral density: a cross-sectional data analysis from the Iwaki Health Promotion Project"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2355-5259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daisuke","family":"Kawata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayatake","family":"Nakano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi M.","family":"Ueno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yota","family":"Tatara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eiji","family":"Sasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuyuki","family":"Ishibashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshinori","family":"Tamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatsuya","family":"Mikami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koichi","family":"Murashita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigeyuki","family":"Nakaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Itoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"3856_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318404","volume":"68","author":"B Misselwitz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Misselwitz B, Butter M, Verbeke K, Fox MR (2019) Update on lactose malabsorption and intolerance: pathogenesis, diagnosis and clinical management. 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The Megmilk Snow Brand funded the Department of Precision Nutrition for Dairy Foods at Hirosaki University and provided human resources and infrastructure for this study. The Megmilk Snow Brand manufactures and sells dairy foods, including lactose-hydrolyzed milk, in Japan and some Asian and Oceanian countries. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments and was approved by the Internal Review Board of Hirosaki University (ref.: 2023-007-1 and HCN2024-1-0408, approved on May 2, 2023, and April 8, 2024, respectively), and was registered in the Japanese Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN000040459,\n                      \n                      ).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"All included participants provided written informed consent at the time of enrolment in the IHPP 2023 in June 2023, and the opt-out procedure for this study was completed in April 2024.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"4"}}