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The Dutch policy aims for 50% of dietary protein to come from plants, yet comprehensive evidence on the environmental and nutritional impacts of this transition is limited. We examined these impacts in the Dutch diet.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dietary intake data from Dutch adults (18\u201365\u00a0years) in the 2019\u20132021 National Food Consumption Survey served as the reference diet, derived separately for men (n\u2009=\u2009585) and women (n\u2009=\u2009600). Four replacement scenarios\u2014\u201cno meat and dairy\u201d, \u201cno meat\u201d, \u201chalf meat\u201d, and \u201cno red meat\u201d\u2014were modeled by partially or completely substituting meat and\/or dairy with plant-based alternatives, using weight- and energy-based replacements. Environmental impacts (greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), land use, water footprint) and 13 macro- and micro-nutrients status were assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Replacement scenarios reduced GHG (11.3\u201339.3%) and land use (7.6\u201317.9%) but increased water footprint (3.6\u201360.2%). The 'half meat' scenario met the Dutch 50% plant-based protein target for both sexes while largely preserving nutrient intakes and adequacy, with only a slight increase in vitamin B6 inadequacy in women. All other scenarios had a more negative nutritional impact; for example, the \u201cno meat\u201d and \u201cno red meat\u201d scenarios increased the risk of vitamin B12 and B6 inadequacy and reduced total protein and saturated fat intake. Weight- and energy-based replacements yielded similar results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Replacing animal-based protein sources with plant-based alternatives reduces environmental impact, except for the water footprint. A 50% meat substitution while maintaining dairy intake generally preserves population-level nutrient adequacy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-026-03908-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T05:11:54Z","timestamp":1771218714000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Replacing meat and dairy with plant-based alternatives in the Netherlands: trade-offs in environmental impacts and critical nutrient intake"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8059-6446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yinjie","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afke C. 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