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Weight and height were measured at baseline, 1, and 3\u00a0months and compared with WHO standards. Body composition was assessed via bioelectrical impedance analysis in children aged \u2009\u2265\u20093\u00a0years old at the same period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 159 children (78 DC and 81 ONS), with mean ages (95% CI) of 3.5 (3.15\u20133.90) and 3.49 (3.10\u20133.90) years, were included. After 3\u00a0months, the ONS group demonstrated higher gains in weight, height, weight-for-age (WFA) and weight-for-height (WFH) z-score compared to the DC group [mean difference (95% CI): weight 0.16 (0.04\u20130.28) kg; height: 0.42 (0.05\u20130.79) cm; WFA z-score: 0.10 (0.01\u20130.18); WFH z-score: 0.13 (\u2212\u00a00.02 to 0.27)]. Gains in fat-free mass were higher with ONS at both 1 and 3\u00a0months [mean difference (95%CI): 0.26 (0.01\u20130.50) and 0.36 (0.10\u20130.63) kg]. Soft lean mass gain was also significantly greater in the ONS group at 3 months [0.39 (0.11\u20130.68) kg].<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ONS combined with dietary counselling improved growth and fat-free mass, supporting its role in promoting healthier body composition and long-term metabolic health. TCTR20220908004.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Category of study<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Randomized controlled trials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-026-03916-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T13:40:30Z","timestamp":1779802830000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of oral nutritional supplement on growth and body composition in malnutrition at risk and malnourished children: MARVEL study, a multi-center randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5989-2205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orapa","family":"Suteerojntrakool","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0020-4965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patcharapa","family":"Thaweekul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1368-9508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suchaorn","family":"Saengnipanthkul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamolmart","family":"Wannaphahoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0198-9428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eakkarin","family":"Mekangkul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9712-2474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sirinuch","family":"Chomtho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"3916_CR1","unstructured":"WHO (2024) Malnutrition [updated 9 June 2021. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/malnutrition. 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Danone had no influence on the study design, data collection and analysis, or in the interpretation and decision to publish results. The researchers operated with full academic independence throughout the trial duration.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from the parents or legal guardians of all participants prior to enrollment in the study. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, COA 0717\/2022, the Human Research Ethics Committee of Thammasat University, COA 228\/2022 and the Khon Kaen University Ethics Committee for Human Research, HE651330.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}],"article-number":"135"}}