{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T20:55:47Z","timestamp":1781643347949,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["40319235"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["40319235"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study explored the differences in sources of protein (SOP) consumed across socioeconomic groups in the Netherlands and their environmental impact.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using data from the Dutch National Food Consumption Survey 2019\u20132021, 1746 participants aged 18\u201379 years were included. Socioeconomic status (SES) was determined by education level. Protein sources included nuts and seeds, dairy, red meat, poultry, processed meats, fish, legumes, meat substitutes, and eggs. Environmental impact (EI) was assessed using data from life cycle assessment (LCA), considering greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, land use (LU) and water use (WU). Dietary intake was estimated using two non-consecutive 24-h dietary recalls and reported in g\/day; fish consumption was converted to g\/w for this study. Linear and logistic regressions were applied to explore the associations between SES (predictor variable) and SOP and EI indicators (response variables).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Compared to the high SES group, individuals with low SES consumed more red meat, processed meat, and dairy (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      for trend\u2009&lt;\u20090.05 for all), and less nuts and seeds (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), fish (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.004). They were less likely to consume meat substitutes (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). No significant differences were found for poultry, eggs, and legumes consumption. Individuals with low SES showed greater total GHG emissions and LU but lower WU (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05 for all). Across all SES groups, animal-based protein sources (ABPs) contributed the most to GHG emissions, LU and WU, while plant-based protein sources (PBPs) contributed minimally.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals with low SES tend to consume more ABPs, and were associated with greater GHG emissions and LU, whereas total WU was higher among individuals with high SES, due to a greater consumption of water-intensive PBPs, such as nuts and seeds. These findings highlight socioeconomic disparities in dietary patterns and environmental impact that may be relevant for future strategies toward healthier and more sustainable diets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-026-03940-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T11:06:40Z","timestamp":1773745600000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Differences in plant- and animal-based protein sources consumed across socioeconomic groups in The Netherlands and their associated environmental impact"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Hector A.","family":"Lopez Mariaca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christa","family":"Blokhuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8059-6446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yinjie","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"3940_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S12937-019-0445-3","author":"JD Mackenbach","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mackenbach JD, Dijkstra SC, Beulens JWJ et al (2019) Socioeconomic and ethnic differences in the relation between dietary costs and dietary quality: the HELIUS study. Nutr J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S12937-019-0445-3","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"key":"3940_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13282-x","author":"RE van Vellinga","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vellinga RE, van Bakel M, Biesbroek S et al (2022) Evaluation of foods, drinks and diets in The Netherlands according to the degree of processing for nutritional quality, environmental impact and food costs. BMC Public Health. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-022-13282-x","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"3940_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"vanRossum CTM, Buurma-Rethans EJM, Dinnissen CS, et al (2020) The diet of the Dutch: results of the Dutch national food consumption survey 2012\u20132016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21945\/RIVM-2020-0083","DOI":"10.21945\/RIVM-2020-0083"},{"key":"3940_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su13137399","author":"V Andreoli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Andreoli V, Bagliani M, Corsi A, Frontuto V (2021) Drivers of protein consumption: a cross-country analysis. Sustain (Switzerland). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su13137399","journal-title":"Sustain (Switzerland)"},{"key":"3940_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1093\/AJCN\/87.5.1107","volume":"87","author":"N Darmon","year":"2008","unstructured":"Darmon N, Drewnowski A (2008) Does social class predict diet quality? Am J Clin Nutr 87:1107\u20131117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/AJCN\/87.5.1107","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"3940_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1039\/C5FO01530H","volume":"7","author":"G Wu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wu G (2016) Dietary protein intake and human health. Food Funct 7:1251\u20131265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C5FO01530H","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"3940_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.3390\/NU3050574","volume":"3","author":"A Jahan-Mihan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jahan-Mihan A, Luhovyy BL, Khoury D, El, Harvey Anderson G (2011) Dietary proteins as determinants of metabolic and physiologic functions of the gastrointestinal tract. Nutrients 3:574\u2013603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/NU3050574","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"3940_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31788-4","volume":"393","author":"W Willett","year":"2019","unstructured":"Willett W, Rockstr\u00f6m J, Loken B et al (2019) Food in the anthropocene: the EAT-lancet commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems. Lancet 393:447\u2013492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31788-4","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3940_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2012.180","volume":"67","author":"GC Chen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen GC, Lv DB, Pang Z, Liu QF (2013) Red and processed meat consumption and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Eur J Clin Nutr 67:91\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ejcn.2012.180","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"3940_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-013-0365-0","author":"EJM Van Feskens","year":"2013","unstructured":"Feskens EJM, Sluik D, Van Woudenbergh GJ (2013) Meat consumption, diabetes, and its complications. Curr Diab Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11892-013-0365-0","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"3940_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020456","author":"DSM Chan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chan DSM, Lau R, Aune D et al (2011) Red and processed meat and colorectal cancer incidence: meta-analysis of prospective studies. PLoS ONE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0020456","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3940_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711451400124X","volume":"112","author":"I Abete","year":"2014","unstructured":"Abete I, Romaguera D, Vieira AR et al (2014) Association between total, processed, red and white meat consumption and all-cause, CVD and IHD mortality: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Br J Nutr 112:762\u2013775. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S000711451400124X","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"3940_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2019.04.010","volume":"97","author":"AM Allen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Allen AM, Hof AR (2019) Paying the price for the meat we eat. Environ Sci Policy 97:90\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envsci.2019.04.010","journal-title":"Environ Sci Policy"},{"key":"3940_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2019.2195","author":"F Qian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Qian F, Liu G, Hu FB et al (2019) Association between plant-based dietary patterns and risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2019.2195","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"3940_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S12937-023-00877-2","author":"Y Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang Y, Liu B, Han H et al (2023) Associations between plant-based dietary patterns and risks of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and mortality\u2014a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S12937-023-00877-2","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"key":"3940_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114517001878","volume":"118","author":"S Biesbroek","year":"2017","unstructured":"Biesbroek S, Verschuren WMM, Boer JMA et al (2017) Does a better adherence to dietary guidelines reduce mortality risk and environmental impact in the Dutch sub-cohort of the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition? Br J Nutr 118:69\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0007114517001878","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"3940_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0165797","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0165797","volume":"11","author":"L Aleksandrowicz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aleksandrowicz L, Green R, Joy EJM et al (2016) The impacts of dietary change on greenhouse gas emissions, land use, water use, and health: a systematic review. PLoS ONE 11:e0165797. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0165797","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3940_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-018-0310-z","author":"G Segovia-Siapco","year":"2018","unstructured":"Segovia-Siapco G, Sabat\u00e9 J (2018) Health and sustainability outcomes of vegetarian dietary patterns: a revisit of the EPIC-Oxford and the Adventist health study-2 cohorts. Eur J Clin Nutr. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41430-018-0310-z","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"3940_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980019001435","volume":"22","author":"E Brink","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brink E, Van Rossum C, Postma-Smeets A et al (2019) Development of healthy and sustainable food-based dietary guidelines for The Netherlands. Public Health Nutr 22:2419\u20132435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1368980019001435","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"3940_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6027","DOI":"10.3390\/SU11216027","volume":"11","author":"RE Vellinga","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vellinga RE, van de Kamp M, Toxopeus IB et al (2019) Greenhouse gas emissions and blue water use of Dutch diets and its association with health. Sustainability 11:6027. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/SU11216027","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"3940_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.3390\/NU13041176","volume":"13","author":"SN Heerschop","year":"2021","unstructured":"Heerschop SN, Biesbroek S, Temme EHM, Ock\u00e9 MC (2021) Can healthy and sustainable dietary patterns that fit within current Dutch food habits. Be identified? Nutrients 13:1176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/NU13041176","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"3940_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980014002821","volume":"18","author":"EHM Temme","year":"2015","unstructured":"Temme EHM, Toxopeus IB, Kramer GFH et al (2015) Greenhouse gas emission of diets in The Netherlands and associations with food, energy and macronutrient intakes. Public Health Nutr 18:2433\u20132445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1368980014002821","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"3940_CR23","unstructured":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (2023) The diet of the Dutch: results of the Dutch national food consumption survey 2019\u20132021 on food consumption and evaluation with dietary guidelines. Bilthoven"},{"key":"3940_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FNUT.2023.1256189","author":"AL Deslippe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Deslippe AL, Bergeron C, Cohen TR (2023) Boys and girls differ in their rationale behind eating: a systematic review of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations in dietary habits across countries. Front Nutr. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FNUT.2023.1256189","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"3940_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Neumark-Sztainer D, Story M, Perry C, Casey MA (1999) Factors influencing food choices of adolescents: findings from focus-group discussions with adolescents. J Am Diet Assoc 99. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0002-8223(99)00222-9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(99)00222-9"},{"key":"3940_CR26","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024) Obesity and overweight. In: World Health Organizations Fact sheets. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/obesity-and-overweight. Accessed 11 Mar 2024"},{"key":"3940_CR27","unstructured":"RIVM (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment) (2021) Database for the environmental impact of food products"},{"key":"3940_CR28","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization (ISO) (2006) ISO 14040:2006 Environmental management: life cycle assessment. Principles and framework"},{"key":"3940_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1126\/SCIENCE.1111772\/SUPPL_FILE","volume":"309","author":"JA Foley","year":"2005","unstructured":"Foley JA, DeFries R, Asner GP et al (2005) Global consequences of land use. Science 309:570\u2013574. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/SCIENCE.1111772\/SUPPL_FILE","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"3940_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1146\/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-020411-130608\/CITE\/REFWORKS","volume":"37","author":"SJ Vermeulen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vermeulen SJ, Campbell BM, Ingram JSI (2012) Climate change and food systems. Annu Rev Environ Resour 37:195\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-020411-130608\/CITE\/REFWORKS","journal-title":"Annu Rev Environ Resour"},{"key":"3940_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/SCIENCE.1259855\/SUPPL_FILE","author":"W Steffen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Steffen W, Richardson K, Rockstr\u00f6m J et al (2015) Planetary boundaries: guiding human development on a changing planet. Sci (1979). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/SCIENCE.1259855\/SUPPL_FILE","journal-title":"Sci (1979)"},{"key":"3940_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1126\/SCIENCE.AAQ0216","volume":"360","author":"J Poore","year":"2018","unstructured":"Poore J, Nemecek T (2018) Reducing food\u2019s environmental impacts through producers and consumers. Science 360:987\u2013992. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/SCIENCE.AAQ0216","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"3940_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-023-03274-x","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhu Y, Mierau JO, Riphagen IJ et al (2023) Types of fish consumption differ across socioeconomic strata and impact differently on plasma fish-based omega-3 fatty acids: a cross-sectional study. Eur J Nutr. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00394-023-03274-x","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"3940_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-17-0448","volume":"27","author":"L Nieuwenhuis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nieuwenhuis L, Van Den Brandt PA (2018) Total nut, tree nut, peanut, and peanut butter consumption and the risk of pancreatic cancer in The Netherlands Cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 27:274\u2013284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-17-0448","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"3940_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114514000087","volume":"111","author":"I Spronk","year":"2014","unstructured":"Spronk I, Kullen C, Burdon C, O\u2019Connor H (2014) Relationship between nutrition knowledge and dietary intake. Br J Nutr 111:1713\u20131726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0007114514000087","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"3940_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1038\/EJCN.2013.110","volume":"67","author":"J L\u00ea","year":"2013","unstructured":"L\u00ea J, Dallongeville J, Wagner A et al (2013) Attitudes toward healthy eating: a mediator of the educational level-diet relationship. Eur J Clin Nutr 67:808\u2013814. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/EJCN.2013.110","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"3940_CR37","unstructured":"Geurts M, van Bakel AM, van Rossum CTM et al (2017) Food consumption in The Netherlands and its determinants. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment"},{"key":"3940_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-021-02630-z","volume":"61","author":"T Deliens","year":"2022","unstructured":"Deliens T, Mullie P, Clarys P (2022) Plant-based dietary patterns in Flemish adults: a 10-year trend analysis. Eur J Nutr 61:561\u2013565. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00394-021-02630-z","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"3940_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.993379","author":"U Klink","year":"2022","unstructured":"Klink U, Mata J, Frank R, Sch\u00fcz B (2022) Socioeconomic differences in animal food consumption: education rather than income makes a difference. Front Nutr. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2022.993379","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"3940_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2015.04.011","author":"J Piazza","year":"2015","unstructured":"Piazza J, Ruby MB, Loughnan S et al (2015) Rationalizing meat consumption. The 4Ns. Appetite https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appet.2015.04.011","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"3940_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105475","author":"DL Rosenfeld","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rosenfeld DL, Tomiyama AJ (2021) Gender differences in meat consumption and openness to vegetarianism. Appetite. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105475","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"3940_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2020.105002","author":"MP Poelman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Poelman MP, Gillebaart M, Schlinkert C et al (2021) Eating behavior and food purchases during the COVID-19 lockdown: a cross-sectional study among adults in The Netherlands. Appetite. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appet.2020.105002","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"3940_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199754038.001.0001","volume-title":"Nutritional Epidemiology","author":"W Willett","year":"2012","unstructured":"Willett W (2012) Nutritional Epidemiology. Nutritional Epidemiol 1\u2013552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ACPROF:OSO\/9780199754038.001.0001"},{"key":"3940_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051520","author":"CS van Dinnissen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dinnissen CS, Ock\u00e9 MC, Buurma-Rethans EJM, van Rossum CTM (2021) Dietary changes among adults in The Netherlands in the period 2007\u20132010 and 2012\u20132016. Results from two cross-sectional national food consumption surveys. Nutrients. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13051520","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"3940_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2011.02.001","volume":"56","author":"AC Hoek","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hoek AC, Luning PA, Weijzen P et al (2011) Replacement of meat by meat substitutes. A survey on person- and product-related factors in consumer acceptance. Appetite 56:662\u2013673. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appet.2011.02.001","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"3940_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodqual.2022.104623","author":"SW van den Berg","year":"2022","unstructured":"van den Berg SW, van den Brink AC, Wagemakers A, den Broeder L (2022) Reducing meat consumption: the influence of life course transitions, barriers and enablers, and effective strategies according to young Dutch adults. Food Qual Prefer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodqual.2022.104623","journal-title":"Food Qual Prefer"},{"key":"3940_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S12966-020-00944-5","author":"MGM Pinho","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pinho MGM, Mackenbach JD, Den Braver NR et al (2020) Recent changes in the Dutch foodscape: socioeconomic and urban-rural differences. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S12966-020-00944-5","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"key":"3940_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.3390\/FOODS11091274\/S1","volume":"11","author":"J Szender\u00e1k","year":"2022","unstructured":"Szender\u00e1k J, Fr\u00f3na D, R\u00e1kos M (2022) Consumer acceptance of plant-based meat substitutes: a narrative review. Foods 11:1274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/FOODS11091274\/S1","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"3940_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1093\/ABM\/KAZ023","volume":"54","author":"B Sch\u00fcz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcz B, Brick C, Wilding S, Conner M (2020) Socioeconomic status moderates the effects of health cognitions on health behaviors within participants: two multibehavior studies. Ann Behav Med 54:36\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ABM\/KAZ023","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"key":"3940_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115213","DOI":"10.1016\/J.FOODRES.2024.115213","volume":"197","author":"A Siegrist","year":"2024","unstructured":"Siegrist A, Green A, Michel F, Mathys A (2024) Comparing the nutritional value and prices of meat and milk substitutes with their animal-based benchmarks across six European countries. Food Res Int 197:115213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.FOODRES.2024.115213","journal-title":"Food Res Int"},{"key":"3940_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106616","DOI":"10.1016\/J.APPET.2023.106616","volume":"188","author":"L Ketelings","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ketelings L, Benerink E, Havermans RC et al (2023) Fake meat or meat with benefits? How Dutch consumers perceive health and nutritional value of plant-based meat alternatives. Appetite 188:106616. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.APPET.2023.106616","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"3940_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/NU14010048","author":"AM Baart","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baart AM, Brouwer-brolsma EM, Perenboom CWM et al (2021) Dietary intake in the lifelines cohort study: baseline results from the flower food frequency questionnaire among 59,982 participants. Nutrients. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/NU14010048","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"3940_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4178\/epih\/e2014009","author":"J-S Shim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shim J-S, Oh K, Kim HC (2014) Dietary assessment methods in epidemiologic studies. Epidemiol Health. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4178\/epih\/e2014009","journal-title":"Epidemiol Health"},{"key":"3940_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114518000569","volume":"119","author":"S Biesbroek","year":"2018","unstructured":"Biesbroek S, Kneepkens MC, Van Den Berg SW et al (2018) Dietary patterns within educational groups and their association with CHD and stroke in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition-Netherlands cohort. Br J Nutr 119:949\u2013956. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0007114518000569","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"3940_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.117827","author":"E van Mertens","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mertens E, Kuijsten A, van Zanten HH et al (2019) Dietary choices and environmental impact in four European countries. J Clean Prod. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.117827","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"key":"3940_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980016002573","volume":"20","author":"JJ Hyland","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hyland JJ, Henchion M, McCarthy M, McCarthy SN (2017) The climatic impact of food consumption in a representative sample of Irish adults and implications for food and nutrition policy. Public Health Nutr 20:726\u2013738. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1368980016002573","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"3940_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1704S","DOI":"10.3945\/AJCN.2009.26736AA","volume":"89","author":"A Carlsson-Kanyama","year":"2009","unstructured":"Carlsson-Kanyama A, Gonz\u00e1lez AD (2009) Potential contributions of food consumption patterns to climate change. Am J Clin Nutr 89:1704S-1709S https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/AJCN.2009.26736AA","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"3940_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/J.MEATSCI.2017.04.014","volume":"132","author":"JJ Hyland","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hyland JJ, Henchion M, McCarthy M, McCarthy SN (2017) The role of meat in strategies to achieve a sustainable diet lower in greenhouse gas emissions: A review. Meat Sci 132:189\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.MEATSCI.2017.04.014","journal-title":"Meat Sci"},{"key":"3940_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2013.12.002","volume":"44","author":"H De Ruiter","year":"2014","unstructured":"De Ruiter H, Kastner T, Nonhebel S (2014) European dietary patterns and their associated land use: variation between and within countries. Food Policy 44:158\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodpol.2013.12.002","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"3940_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2006.04.003","volume":"15","author":"EV Elferink","year":"2007","unstructured":"Elferink EV, Nonhebel S (2007) Variations in land requirements for meat production. J Clean Prod 15:1778\u20131786. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2006.04.003","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"key":"3940_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1021\/ES302152V","volume":"47","author":"T Meier","year":"2013","unstructured":"Meier T, Christen O (2013) Environmental impacts of dietary recommendations and dietary styles: Germany as an example. Environ Sci Technol 47:877\u2013888. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ES302152V","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"3940_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1467-789X.2009.00658.X","volume":"11","author":"K Giskes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Giskes K, Avenda\u0148o M, Brug J, Kunst AE (2010) A systematic review of studies on socioeconomic inequalities in dietary intakes associated with weight gain and overweight\/obesity conducted among European adults. Obes Rev 11:413\u2013429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/J.1467-789X.2009.00658.X","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"3940_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980019005214","volume":"23","author":"LM Van Bussel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Van Bussel LM, Van Rossum CTM, Temme EHM et al (2020) Educational differences in healthy, environmentally sustainable and safe food consumption among adults in The Netherlands. Public Health Nutr 23:2057\u20132067. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1368980019005214","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"3940_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100357","DOI":"10.1016\/J.GFS.2020.100357","volume":"24","author":"D Vanham","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vanham D, Mekonnen MM, Hoekstra AY (2020) Treenuts and groundnuts in the EAT-Lancet reference diet: concerns regarding sustainable water use. Glob Food Sect.\u00a0 24:100357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.GFS.2020.100357","journal-title":"Glob Food Sec"},{"key":"3940_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/AF\/VFY009","volume":"8","author":"DM Klurfeld","year":"2018","unstructured":"Klurfeld DM (2018) What is the role of meat in a healthy diet? Anim Front 8:5\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/AF\/VFY009","journal-title":"Anim Front"},{"key":"3940_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/J.MEATSCI.2012.09.018","volume":"93","author":"PM Pereira","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pereira PM, de CC, Vicente, AF dos RB (2013) Meat nutritional composition and nutritive role in the human diet. Meat Sci 93:586\u2013592. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.MEATSCI.2012.09.018","journal-title":"Meat Sci"},{"key":"3940_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2016.09.025","author":"V Melina","year":"2016","unstructured":"Melina V, Craig W, Levin S (2016) Position of the academy of nutrition and dietetics: vegetarian diets. J Acad Nutr Diet. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jand.2016.09.025","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"key":"3940_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.3945\/JN.114.195438","volume":"145","author":"SM Rutherfurd","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rutherfurd SM, Fanning AC, Miller BJ, Moughan PJ (2015) Protein digestibility-corrected amino acid scores and digestible indispensable amino acid scores differentially describe protein quality in growing male rats. J Nutr 145:372\u2013379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/JN.114.195438","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"3940_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5379","DOI":"10.1002\/FSN3.1809","volume":"8","author":"L Herreman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Herreman L, Nommensen P, Pennings B, Laus MC (2020) Comprehensive overview of the quality of plant- and animal-sourced proteins based on the digestible indispensable amino acid score. Food Sci Nutr 8:5379\u20135391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/FSN3.1809","journal-title":"Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"3940_CR70","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2012) Guideline: sodium intake for adults and children. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241504836"},{"key":"3940_CR71","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2015) Guideline: sugars intake for adults and children. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241549028"},{"key":"3940_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2009.77","author":"AA Welch","year":"2009","unstructured":"Welch AA, Fransen H, Jenab M et al (2009) Variation in intakes of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron and potassium in 10 countries in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition study. Eur J Clin Nutr. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ejcn.2009.77","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"3940_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.3390\/NU4122097","volume":"4","author":"CE O\u2019Neil","year":"2012","unstructured":"O\u2019Neil CE, Keast DR, Fulgoni VL, Nicklas TA (2012) Food sources of energy and nutrients among adults in the US: NHANES 2003\u20132006. Nutrients 4:2097\u20132120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/NU4122097","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"3940_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2288","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31812-9","volume":"392","author":"M Dehghan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dehghan M, Mente A, Rangarajan S et al (2018) Association of dairy intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality in 21 countries from five continents (PURE): a prospective cohort study. Lancet 392:2288\u20132297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31812-9","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3940_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1146\/ANNUREV.PUBLHEALTH.29.020907.090926","volume":"29","author":"M Story","year":"2008","unstructured":"Story M, Kaphingst KM, Robinson-O\u2019Brien R, Glanz K (2008) Creating healthy food and eating environments: policy and environmental approaches. Annu Rev Public Health 29:253\u2013272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/ANNUREV.PUBLHEALTH.29.020907.090926","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"3940_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980012004715","volume":"16","author":"R An","year":"2013","unstructured":"An R (2013) Effectiveness of subsidies in promoting healthy food purchases and consumption: a review of field experiments. Public Health Nutr 16:1215\u20131228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1368980012004715","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"3940_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S11886-015-0658-9","author":"A Del Afshin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Afshin A, Penalvo J, Del Gobbo L, Menu Labeling T, Subsidies et al (2015) Built environment, school procurement, worksite wellness, and marketing standards to improve diet. Curr Cardiol Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11886-015-0658-9","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"key":"3940_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980019001824","author":"S Biesbroek","year":"2019","unstructured":"Biesbroek S, Verschuren WMM, Boer JMA et al (2019) Are our diets getting healthier and more sustainable? Insights from the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition\u2014Netherlands (EPIC-NL) cohort. Public Health Nutr. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1368980019001824","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"3940_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwg091","author":"V Kipnis","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kipnis V, Subar AF, Midthune D et al (2003) Structure of dietary measurement error: results of the OPEN biomarker study. Am J Epidemiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwg091","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"3940_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.03.012","volume":"158","author":"X Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang X, Cheng Z (2020) Cross-sectional studies: strengths, weaknesses, and recommendations. Chest 158:S65\u2013S71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chest.2020.03.012","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"3940_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/J.APPET.2016.11.023","volume":"110","author":"C Symmank","year":"2017","unstructured":"Symmank C, Mai R, Hoffmann S et al (2017) Predictors of food decision making: a systematic interdisciplinary mapping (SIM) review. Appetite 110:25\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.APPET.2016.11.023","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"3940_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S12160-009-9120-9","author":"N Larson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Larson N, Story M (2009) A review of environmental influences on food choices. Ann Behav Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S12160-009-9120-9. 38 Suppl 1","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"3940_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601107","volume":"54","author":"N Slimani","year":"2000","unstructured":"Slimani N, Ferrari P, Ock\u00e9 M et al (2000) Standardization of the 24-hour diet recall calibration method used in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC): general concepts and preliminary results. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000 54(12):900\u2013917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601107","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr 2000"},{"key":"3940_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/S12889-022-13366-8\/FIGURES\/2","volume":"22","author":"MH Lindberg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lindberg MH, Chen G, Olsen JA, Abelsen B (2022) Combining education and income into a socioeconomic position score for use in studies of health inequalities. BMC Public Health 22:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S12889-022-13366-8\/FIGURES\/2","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"3940_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2879","DOI":"10.1001\/JAMA.294.22.2879","volume":"294","author":"PA Braveman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Braveman PA, Cubbin C, Egerter S et al (2005) Socioeconomic status in health research: one size does not fit all. JAMA 294:2879\u20132888. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/JAMA.294.22.2879","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3940_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/J.TIFS.2018.07.008","volume":"105","author":"H Aiking","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aiking H, de Boer J (2020) The next protein transition. Trends Food Sci Technol 105:515\u2013522. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.TIFS.2018.07.008","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"3940_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23357","DOI":"10.1073\/PNAS.1906908116\/-\/DCSUPPLEMENTAL","volume":"116","author":"MA Clark","year":"2019","unstructured":"Clark MA, Springmann M, Hill J, Tilman D (2019) Multiple health and environmental impacts of foods. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 116:23357\u201323362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/PNAS.1906908116\/-\/DCSUPPLEMENTAL","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00394-026-03940-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00394-026-03940-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00394-026-03940-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T20:19:15Z","timestamp":1781641155000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00394-026-03940-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["3940"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00394-026-03940-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1436-6207","1436-6215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1436-6207","type":"print"},{"value":"1436-6215","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors have no potential competing interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study used data from the Dutch National Food Consumption Survey 2019\u20132021. Original data collection was evaluated by The Utrecht Medical Ethical Review Committee, concluding it was not subject to the Medical Research Involving Human Subjects Act (WMO) of the Netherlands (reference number 19\u2013145\/C). Medical-ethical review was not required.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"94"}}