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We examined whether first trimester iodine is associated with children's intelligence at age 15.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used data from 1,211 mother\u2013child pairs in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), with first-trimester urinary iodine-to-creatinine ratios during pregnancy and intelligence quotient (IQ) scores of the child at age 15, as assessed from the Two-Subtest Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence. Associations were tested using linear regression adjusted for confounders. Iodine status was analysed both continuously and categorically using cut-offs (&lt;\u200950, 50\u201399, 100\u2013149, 150\u2013249,\u2009&gt;\u2009250\u00a0\u00b5g\/g). We tested interactions with child sex and maternal thyroid function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lower iodine was associated with lower Vocabulary T-scores (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.72; 95% CI: 0.09\u20131.35), but not Matrix Reasoning or Full-Scale IQ. Children of mothers with severe iodine deficiency (&lt;\u200950\u00a0\u00b5g\/g) had 4.25 points lower Vocabulary T-scores (Cohen\u2019s d\u2009=\u2009\u20130.40) and 3.3 points lower Full-Scale IQ (Cohen\u2019s d\u2009=\u2009\u20130.27) than those with sufficient iodine status (150\u2013250\u00a0\u00b5g\/g). The associations did not differ by sex. Iodine status in the first trimester was not correlated with maternal thyroid function. However, in iodine-deficient pregnancies (&lt;\u2009150\u00a0\u00b5g\/g), higher maternal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was associated with higher Vocabulary and Full-Scale IQ scores, a pattern not seen in iodine-sufficient pregnancies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Iodine deficiency in early pregnancy is associated with lower adolescent verbal intelligence and, in severe iodine deficiency, also with reduced full-scale intelligence. The observed association between higher maternal TSH and higher verbal and full-scale intelligence in iodine-deficient pregnancies suggests a possible compensatory role of the maternal thyroid axis. Adequate periconceptional iodine intake remains important and merits further study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-026-03955-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T10:54:43Z","timestamp":1774954483000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Iodine deficiency in the first pregnancy trimester and intelligence in adolescence"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Sarai M.","family":"Keestra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marsh","family":"K\u00f6nigs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nienke","family":"van Welie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Dreyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaap","family":"Oosterlaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Velja","family":"Mijatovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tessa J.","family":"Roseboom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martijn J. 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