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Maternal serum AA profiles were quantified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS), and dietary AA intake was assessed via three-day dietary recalls, usual intake was estimated using the Multiple Source Method (MSM) to correct for within-person variability. The potential of AA as a risk factor was evaluated using the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, and key mechanisms involved in AA metabolism were identified through pathway analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dietary assessment uncovered a altered dietary amino acid pattern (AUC\u2009&gt;\u20090.8), characterized by low intake of arginine, alanine, and glycine, glutamic acid, histidine, proline, serine, threonine, and tryptophan, alongside high total branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) and leucine consumption. Although dietary total protein intake was lower in PE, a higher intake of animal protein was observed. Concurrently, serum glutamine, asparagine, phenylalanine, 3-methylhistidine, cysteine, threonine, valine, BCAA, EAA, and aromatic AAs (AUC\u2009&gt;\u20090.8) in serum were found to be potential risk factors for PE. Our results establish that dietary AA patterns and serum AA changes are independent, key risk factors, together providing a more comprehensive etiological model of PE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study showed that a dietary imbalance in specific AAs represents a modifiable risk factor for PE. This finding, alongside an altered serum AA profile, opens new avenues for targeted nutritional interventions in high-risk pregnancies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-026-03977-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T09:59:09Z","timestamp":1778752749000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Amino acids: Missing link in preeclampsia pathogenesis?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0183-5232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iclal Sena","family":"Gezer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9616-8139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hasan","family":"Altinsoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8362-7324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayse Gulcin","family":"Bastemur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3078-999X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ozlem","family":"Dogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8209-8248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atakan","family":"Tanacan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4727-7982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatma Doga","family":"Ocal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8567-9048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dilek","family":"Sahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1237-8468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuray","family":"Yazihan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"3977_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-023-00417-6","volume":"9","author":"E Dimitriadis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dimitriadis E, Rolnik DL, Zhou W, Estrada-Gutierrez G, Koga K, Francisco RP, Whitehead C, Hyett J, da Silva Costa F, Nicolaides K (2023) Pre-eclampsia. 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