{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T02:14:19Z","timestamp":1793412859497,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001777","name":"The University of Wollongong","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001777","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigated the effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation on delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), physical function, and inflammation following eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage in physically trained male and female adults (training\u2009\u2265\u20095d\/wk).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty-eight participants (12 Control, 26 DHA) completed a 12-week double-blind, placebo-controlled matched-pair trial. The Control group received high-oleic acid tablets. The DHA group received 715\u00a0mg\/d of microencapsulated DHA tablets. Participants performed eccentric cycling at weeks 0 and 12, with assessments conducted pre-exercise, 0-h, 24-h, and 48-h post-exercise. The primary outcomes were DOMS (visual analogue scale) and the Omega-3 Index (O3I) (estimated by finger-stick dry blood spot). Secondary outcomes included neuromuscular function and inflammatory cytokines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      O3I was not different between groups at week 0 but was elevated in the DHA group (\u22062.43%, [95% CI; 2.10, 2.77],\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and between Control at week 12 (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). DOMS was lower at 24-h and 48-h post-exercise in the DHA group and between Control at week 12 (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). At week 12, jump height and peak vertical force improved at 48-h post-exercise in the DHA group (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), resulting in moderate (\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.60) and small (\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.32) effect sizes for 48-h post-exercise area under the curve (AUC) between groups, respectively. There were interaction effects for 48-h post-exercise AUC of IL-6 (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.049), TNF-\u03b1 (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.010), and IL-10 (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.026).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A dietary achievable dose of DHA elevated the O3I and reduced DOMS in physically trained adults. These outcomes support protracted intake of DHA to attenuate the physiological impact of eccentric exercise and promote recovery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-026-03998-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T13:49:54Z","timestamp":1780062594000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Microencapsulated docosahexaenoic acid increases the Omega-3 Index and attenuates the physiological impact of eccentric exercise in physically trained adults: a 12-week double-blind placebo-controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2233-8614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan","family":"Anthony","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7265-5725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J.","family":"Macartney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0252-8039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter L.","family":"McLennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0625-3183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amal","family":"Elhage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4909-686X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronald","family":"Sluyter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6800-7757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John A.","family":"Sampson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1372-9963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Todd W.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8279-1787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory E.","family":"Peoples","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"3998_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S52","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-200211001-00007","volume":"81","author":"PM Clarkson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Clarkson PM, Hubal MJ (2002) Exercise-induced muscle damage in humans. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 81:S52-69. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00002060-200211001-00007","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"3998_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00971.2016","volume":"122","author":"JM Peake","year":"2017","unstructured":"Peake JM, Neubauer O, Della Gatta PA, Nosaka K (2017) Muscle damage and inflammation during recovery from exercise. J Appl Physiol 122:559\u2013570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00971.2016","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"3998_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-020-04341-5","volume":"120","author":"G Mavropalias","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mavropalias G, Koeda T, Barley OR et al (2020) Comparison between high- and low-intensity eccentric cycling of equal mechanical work for muscle damage and the repeated bout effect. Eur J Appl Physiol 120:1015-1025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-020-04341-5","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"3998_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200101000-00005","volume":"33","author":"K Nosaka","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nosaka K, Sakamoto K (2001) Effect of elbow joint angle on the magnitude of muscle damage to the elbow flexors. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33:22\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005768-200101000-00005","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"3998_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596640","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.596640","volume":"11","author":"H Ueda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ueda H, Tsuchiya Y, Ochi E (2020) Fast-velocity eccentric cycling exercise causes greater muscle damage than slow eccentric cycling. Front Physiol 11:596640. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2020.596640","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"3998_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.00333.x","volume":"537","author":"U Proske","year":"2001","unstructured":"Proske U, Morgan DL (2001) Muscle damage from eccentric exercise: mechanism, mechanical signs, adaptation and clinical applications. J Physiol 537:333\u2013345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.00333.x","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"3998_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200333020-00005","volume":"33","author":"K Cheung","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cheung K, Hume P, Maxwell L (2003) Delayed onset muscle soreness: treatment strategies and performance factors. Sports Med 33:145\u2013164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00007256-200333020-00005","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"3998_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00536","volume":"10","author":"S Hody","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hody S, Croisier J-L, Bury T, Rogister B, Leprince P (2019) Eccentric muscle contractions: risks and benefits. Front Physiol 10:536\u2013536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2019.00536","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"3998_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1363.013","volume":"1066","author":"H Gissel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gissel H (2005) The role of Ca2+ in muscle cell damage. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1066:166\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1196\/annals.1363.013","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"3998_CR10","first-page":"457","volume":"41","author":"TA Butterfield","year":"2006","unstructured":"Butterfield TA, Best TM, Merrick MA (2006) The dual roles of neutrophils and macrophages in inflammation: a critical balance between tissue damage and repair. J Athl Train 41:457\u2013465","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"3998_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2020-0238","volume":"31","author":"R Anthony","year":"2021","unstructured":"Anthony R, Macartney MJ, Peoples GE (2021) The influence of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids on eccentric exercise-induced delayed muscle soreness: reported outcomes are compromised by study design issues. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 31:143\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijsnem.2020-0238","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab"},{"key":"3998_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.3390\/nu2030355","volume":"2","author":"PC Calder","year":"2010","unstructured":"Calder PC (2010) Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes. Nutrients 2:355\u2013374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu2030355","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"3998_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1042\/bst20160474","volume":"45","author":"PC Calder","year":"2017","unstructured":"Calder PC (2017) Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes: from molecules to man. Biochem Soc Trans 45:1105\u20131115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/bst20160474","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans"},{"key":"3998_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0000000000003332","volume":"56","author":"JL Heileson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Heileson JL, Harris DR, Tomek S et al (2024) Long-chain omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and exercise-induced muscle damage: EPA or DHA? Med Sci Sports Exerc 56:476\u2013485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/mss.0000000000003332","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"3998_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13479","volume":"510","author":"CN Serhan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Serhan CN (2014) Pro-resolving lipid mediators are leads for resolution physiology. Nature 510:92\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature13479","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3998_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.5.1222","volume":"85","author":"RG Metcalf","year":"2007","unstructured":"Metcalf RG, James MJ, Gibson RA et al (2007) Effects of fish-oil supplementation on myocardial fatty acids in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 85:1222\u20131228 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/85.5.1222","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"3998_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114515002512","volume":"114","author":"R Henry","year":"2015","unstructured":"Henry R, Peoples GE, McLennan PL (2015) Muscle fatigue resistance in the rat hindlimb in vivo from low dietary intakes of tuna fish oil that selectively increase phospholipid n-3 docosahexaenoic acid according to muscle fibre type. Br J Nutr 114:873\u2013884. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0007114515002512","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"3998_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2019.08.006","volume":"151","author":"MJ Macartney","year":"2019","unstructured":"Macartney MJ, Peoples GE, Treweek TM, McLennan PL (2019) Docosahexaenoic acid varies in rat skeletal muscle membranes according to fibre type and provision of dietary fish oil. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 151:37\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.plefa.2019.08.006","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids"},{"key":"3998_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1986.sp016126","volume":"375","author":"DA Jones","year":"1986","unstructured":"Jones DA, Newham DJ, Round JM, Tolfree SE (1986) Experimental human muscle damage: morphological changes in relation to other indices of damage. J Physiol 375:435\u2013448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.1986.sp016126","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"3998_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.90.3.770","volume":"90","author":"K Vijayan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Vijayan K, Thompson JL, Norenberg KM, Fitts RH, Riley DA (2001) Fiber-type susceptibility to eccentric contraction-induced damage of hindlimb-unloaded rat AL muscles. J Appl Physiol (1985) 90:770\u2013776. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.2001.90.3.770","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"3998_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114510002928","volume":"104","author":"GE Peoples","year":"2010","unstructured":"Peoples GE, McLennan PL (2010) Dietary fish oil reduces skeletal muscle oxygen consumption, provides fatigue resistance and improves contractile recovery in the rat in vivo hindlimb. Br J Nutr 104:1771\u20131779. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0007114510002928","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"3998_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/78.3.376","volume":"78","author":"TM Trebble","year":"2003","unstructured":"Trebble TM, Wootton SA, Miles EA et al (2003) Prostaglandin E2 production and T cell function after fish-oil supplementation: response to antioxidant cosupplementation. Am J Clin Nutr 78:376\u2013382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/78.3.376","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"3998_CR23","first-page":"176","volume":"15","author":"KE Corder","year":"2016","unstructured":"Corder KE, Newsham KR, McDaniel JL, Ezekiel UR, Weiss EP (2016) Effects of short-term docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on markers of inflammation after eccentric strength exercise in women. J Sports Sci Med 15:176\u2013183","journal-title":"J Sports Sci Med"},{"key":"3998_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030719","author":"DJ Ramos-Campo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ramos-Campo DJ, \u00c1vila-Gand\u00eda V, L\u00f3pez-Rom\u00e1n FJ et al (2020) Supplementation of re-esterified docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids reduce inflammatory and muscle damage markers after exercise in endurance athletes: a randomized, controlled crossover trial. Nutrients 12:719. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12030719","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"3998_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2657","DOI":"10.1172\/jci97943","volume":"128","author":"CN Serhan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Serhan CN, Levy BD (2018) Resolvins in inflammation: emergence of the pro-resolving superfamily of mediators. J Clin Invest 128:2657\u20132669. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci97943","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"3998_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13275","volume":"28","author":"TR Lundberg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lundberg TR, Howatson G (2018) Analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs in sports: implications for exercise performance and training adaptations. Scand J Med Sci Sports 28:2252\u20132262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sms.13275","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"5","key":"3998_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2123","volume":"16","author":"ZZ Xu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Xu ZZ, Zhang L, Liu T et al (2010) Resolvins RvE1 and RvD1 attenuate inflammatory pain via central and peripheral actions. Nat Med 16(5):592\u2013597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nm.2123","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"3998_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01348.x","volume":"164","author":"ZZ Xu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Xu ZZ, Ji RR (2011) Resolvins are potent analgesics for arthritic pain. Br J Pharmacol 164:274\u2013277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01348.x","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"3998_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01345.x","volume":"164","author":"JF Lima-Garcia","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lima-Garcia JF, Dutra RC, da Silva K et al (2011) The precursor of resolvin D series and aspirin-triggered resolvin D1 display anti-hyperalgesic properties in adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. Br J Pharmacol 164:278\u2013293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01345.x","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"3998_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2019.11.002","volume":"154","author":"A Ikeda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ikeda A, Muroki A, Suzuki C, Shimazu Y, Takeda M (2020) Resolvin D1 suppresses inflammation-induced hyperexcitability of nociceptive trigeminal neurons associated with mechanical hyperalgesia. Brain Res Bull 154:61\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2019.11.002","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"3998_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12576-023-00896-y","volume":"74","author":"K Mizumura","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mizumura K, Taguchi T (2024) Neurochemical mechanism of muscular pain: insight from the study on delayed onset muscle soreness. J Physiol Sci 74:4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12576-023-00896-y","journal-title":"J Physiol Sci"},{"key":"3998_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s44410-025-00006-6","volume":"1","author":"R Anthony","year":"2025","unstructured":"Anthony R, McLennan PL, Macartney MJ, Peoples GE (2025) A dietary achievable dose of microencapsulated DHA increases the Omega-3 Index without affecting body composition in physically trained male and female adults. Perform Nutr J 1:6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s44410-025-00006-6","journal-title":"Perform Nutr J"},{"key":"3998_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2022.01.006","volume":"120","author":"A Patel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Patel A, Desai SS, Mane VK et al (2022) Futuristic food fortification with a balanced ratio of dietary \u03c9-3\/\u03c9-6 omega fatty acids for the prevention of lifestyle diseases. Trends Food Sci Technol 120:140\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tifs.2022.01.006","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"3998_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21767\/2386-5180.1000137","author":"WS Harris","year":"2016","unstructured":"Harris WS, Polreis J (2016) Measurement of the Omega-3 index in dried blood spots. Ann Clin Lab Res 4:137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21767\/2386-5180.1000137","journal-title":"Ann Clin Lab Res"},{"key":"3998_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e776","DOI":"10.1097\/pr9.0000000000000776","volume":"4","author":"H Jasim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jasim H, Carlsson A, Gerdle B, Ernberg M, Ghafouri B (2019) Diurnal variation of inflammatory plasma proteins involved in pain. Pain Rep 4:e776. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/pr9.0000000000000776","journal-title":"Pain Rep"},{"key":"3998_CR36","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"J Cohen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen J (1988) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, 2nd edn. Routledge, Abingdon-on-Thames","edition":"2"},{"key":"3998_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/s095442242300001x","volume":"37","author":"R Anthony","year":"2024","unstructured":"Anthony R, Macartney MJ, Heileson JL, McLennan PL, Peoples GE (2024) A review and evaluation of study design considerations for omega-3 fatty acid supplementation trials in physically trained participants. Nutr Res Rev 37:1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s095442242300001x","journal-title":"Nutr Res Rev"},{"key":"3998_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.1998.tb02667.x","volume":"5","author":"AM Kelly","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kelly AM (1998) Does the clinically significant difference in visual analog scale pain scores vary with gender, age, or cause of pain? Acad Emerg Med 5:1086\u20131090. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1553-2712.1998.tb02667.x","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"3998_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082246","author":"TA VanDusseldorp","year":"2020","unstructured":"VanDusseldorp TA, Escobar KA, Johnson KE et al (2020) Impact of varying dosages of fish oil on recovery and soreness following eccentric exercise. Nutrients 12:2246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12082246","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"3998_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100133","volume":"12","author":"LM Visconti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Visconti LM, Cotter JA, Schick EE et al (2021) Impact of varying doses of omega-3 supplementation on muscle damage and recovery after eccentric resistance exercise. Metabol Open 12:100133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100133","journal-title":"Metabol Open"},{"key":"3998_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e31819b51b3","volume":"19","author":"B Tartibian","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tartibian B, Maleki BH, Abbasi A (2009) The effects of ingestion of omega-3 fatty acids on perceived pain and external symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness in untrained men. Clin J Sport Med 19:115\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JSM.0b013e31819b51b3","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"3998_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00403","volume":"9","author":"O Dupuy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dupuy O, Douzi W, Theurot D, Bosquet L, Dugu\u00e9 B (2018) An evidence-based approach for choosing post-exercise recovery techniques to reduce markers of muscle damage, soreness, fatigue, and inflammation: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Front Physiol 9:403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2018.00403","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"3998_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2025.2561040","volume":"34","author":"PL Cole","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cole PL, Bontemps B, Pugh J, Owens DJ (2025) The prevalence and perceptions of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use among ultra-endurance runners. Res Sports Med 34:257-275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15438627.2025.2561040","journal-title":"Res Sports Med"},{"key":"3998_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1590\/1517-8692202127062021_0072","volume":"27","author":"R Nahon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nahon R, Santos Silva Lopes J, Magalh\u00e3es-Neto A, De Souza A, Cameron LC (2021) Anti-inflammatories for delayed onset muscle soreness: systematic review and meta-analysis. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 27:646\u2013654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1517-8692202127062021_0072","journal-title":"Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte"},{"key":"3998_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12948","author":"M Lilja","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lilja M, Mandi\u0107 M, Apr\u00f3 W et al (2018) High doses of anti-inflammatory drugs compromise muscle strength and hypertrophic adaptations to resistance training in young adults. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apha.12948","journal-title":"Acta Physiol (Oxf)"},{"key":"3998_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104549","volume":"151","author":"V Fattori","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fattori V, Zaninelli TH, Rasquel-Oliveira FS, Casagrande R, Verri WA Jr. (2020) Specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators: a new class of non-immunosuppressive and non-opioid analgesic drugs. Pharmacol Res 151:104549. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104549","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"3998_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2017.06.011","volume":"11","author":"MS Schaller","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schaller MS, Zahner GJ, Gasper WJ et al (2017) Relationship between the omega-3 index and specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators in patients with peripheral arterial disease taking fish oil supplements. J Clin Lipidol 11:1289\u20131295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacl.2017.06.011","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"key":"3998_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2768","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000617","volume":"28","author":"FM DiLorenzo","year":"2014","unstructured":"DiLorenzo FM, Drager CJ, Rankin JW (2014) Docosahexaenoic acid affects markers of inflammation and muscle damage after eccentric exercise. J Strength Cond Res 28:2768\u20132774. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000617","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"3998_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-016-3373-3","volume":"116","author":"Y Tsuchiya","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tsuchiya Y, Yanagimoto K, Nakazato K, Hayamizu K, Ochi E (2016) Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids-rich fish oil supplementation attenuates strength loss and limited joint range of motion after eccentric contractions: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial. Eur J Appl Physiol 116:1179\u20131188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-016-3373-3","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"3998_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-017-3543-y","volume":"117","author":"JR Jakeman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jakeman JR, Lambrick DM, Wooley B, Babraj JA, Faulkner JA (2017) Effect of an acute dose of omega-3 fish oil following exercise-induced muscle damage. Eur J Appl Physiol 117:575\u2013582. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-017-3543-y","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"3998_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200210000-00012","volume":"34","author":"J Lenn","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lenn J, Uhl T, Mattacola C et al (2002) The effects of fish oil and isoflavones on delayed onset muscle soreness. Med Sci Sports Exerc 34:1605\u20131613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005768-200210000-00012","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"3998_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-020-00405-1","volume":"18","author":"Y Kyriakidou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kyriakidou Y, Wood C, Ferrier C, Dolci A, Elliott B (2021) The effect of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on exercise-induced muscle damage. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 18:9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12970-020-00405-1","journal-title":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr"},{"key":"3998_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-021-00411-x","volume":"18","author":"Y Tsuchiya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tsuchiya Y, Ueda H, Yanagimoto K, Kato A, Ochi E (2021) 4-week eicosapentaenoic acid-rich fish oil supplementation partially protects muscular damage following eccentric contractions. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 18:18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12970-021-00411-x","journal-title":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr"},{"key":"3998_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1177\/02601060211022266","volume":"28","author":"LC Loss","year":"2022","unstructured":"Loss LC, Benini D, de Lima ESFX et al (2022) Effects of omega-3 supplementation on muscle damage after resistance exercise in young women: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Nutr Health 28:425\u2013432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02601060211022266","journal-title":"Nutr Health"},{"key":"3998_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2023.2199282","volume":"23","author":"J Mackay","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mackay J, Bowles E, Macgregor LJ et al (2023) Fish oil supplementation fails to modulate indices of muscle damage and muscle repair during acute recovery from eccentric exercise in trained young males. Eur J Sport Sci 23:1666\u20131676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17461391.2023.2199282","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"key":"3998_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-019-0283-x","volume":"16","author":"Y Tsuchiya","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tsuchiya Y, Yanagimoto K, Ueda H, Ochi E (2019) Supplementation of eicosapentaenoic acid-rich fish oil attenuates muscle stiffness after eccentric contractions of human elbow flexors. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 16:19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12970-019-0283-x","journal-title":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr"},{"key":"3998_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4586","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201801857RRR","volume":"33","author":"C McGlory","year":"2019","unstructured":"McGlory C, Gorissen SHM, Kamal M et al (2019) Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation attenuates skeletal muscle disuse atrophy during two weeks of unilateral leg immobilization in healthy young women. FASEB J 33:4586\u20134597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fj.201801857RRR","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"1","key":"3998_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-025-02347-7","volume":"56","author":"S Satija","year":"2026","unstructured":"Satija S, Mitchell TW, Anthony R, Peoples GE, Sampson JA (2026) From strain to repair: a targeted review of lipid mediators driving the inflammatory cascade following exercise. Sports Med 56:81-95 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02347-7","journal-title":"Sports Med"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00394-026-03998-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00394-026-03998-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00394-026-03998-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T14:15:47Z","timestamp":1783692947000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00394-026-03998-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["3998"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00394-026-03998-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1436-6207","1436-6215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1436-6207","type":"print"},{"value":"1436-6215","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 June 2026","order":5,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":6,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Reference citations have been updated in the text","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"147"}}