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This study aimed to investigate the association between midlife changes in alcohol consumption and the risk of BC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort including 123,679 women, changes in alcohol intake were obtained by comparing middle-aged participants\u2019 alcohol intake assessed at recruitment and during follow-up, 9.8\u00a0years (median) later. Missing information about follow-up alcohol intake and covariates was multiple imputed. In the primary analysis, changes in alcohol consumption were investigated continuously as a change in alcohol intake of 10\u00a0g\/day, calculated by subtracting the baseline intake (g\/day) from the follow-up intake (g\/day) and divided by 10 in relation to the risk of subsequent postmenopausal BC, overall, and by hormonal receptor status: estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). In a secondary analysis, changes in alcohol intake were categorized in nine combinations of three intake groups at baseline and follow-up (\u22641\u00a0g\/day, &gt;1\u20138\u00a0g\/day, and &gt;8\u00a0g\/day)., Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During a median follow-up time of 4.0\u00a0years after the follow-up assessment, 2,173 cases of postmenopausal BC were diagnosed. No associations were observed between alcohol changes and BC risk (HR: 0.97, 95% CI 0.93, 1.01) per 10\u00a0g\/day nor with ER\u2212\/PR\u2212, ER+\/PR, ER+\/PR+, HER2\u2212, or HER2+ specific BC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Changes in alcohol consumption during midlife were not associated with the risk of postmenopausal BC, either overall or by hormonal receptor status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-026-04008-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T10:41:13Z","timestamp":1781865673000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Changes in alcohol consumption and the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Christian S.","family":"Antoniussen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel B.","family":"Ibsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Overvad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan\u00e9lie","family":"Vasson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Severi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dzevka","family":"Dragic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Th\u00e9r\u00e8se","family":"Truong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9e T.","family":"Fortner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Le Cornet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias B.","family":"Schulze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Di Girolamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Pala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Doccioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Agudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcela","family":"Guevara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandar","family":"Tin Tin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isobel G.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc J.","family":"Gunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laure","family":"Dossus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0481-2893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina C.","family":"Dahm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"4008_CR1","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer Personal Habits and Indoor Combustions: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risks to Humans Volume 100E: A Review of Human Carcinogens. 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Thee study was conducted in accordance with the General Data Protection Regulations (GDPR) (Regulation EU 2026\/679 of May 25, 2018) and local regulations implemented by the Faculty of Health at Aarhus University, Denmark. Therefore, participant counts\u2009<\u20095 in descriptive tables are not displayed and denoted with \u201cNR\u201d.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Generative artificial intelligence (ChatGPT and Microsoft Copilot) was used for language refinement and proof reading of parts of the manuscript as well as to refine R code for the statistical analysis. All suggestions were evaluated by the authors.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Generative AI","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"170"}}