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Participants either consumed doses of bovine colostrum or an isoenergetic placebo 1\u00a0h (30\u00a0g) and immediately prior (5\u00a0g) to 2.5\u00a0h of cycling at 15% \u0394 with a further dose midway through the exercise (5\u00a0g). Venous blood and unstimulated saliva samples were obtained at baseline, 1\u00a0h post-consumption (pre-exercise), immediately post-exercise and 1\u00a0h post-exercise. A mechanistic sub-study was performed to determine whether plasma obtained from participants following bovine colostrum consumption directly enhances neutrophil function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Compared to placebo, a greater fMLP-stimulated blood neutrophil oxidative burst was observed (~ 15% difference across timepoints) with bovine colostrum (trial,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05). In the sub-study, fMLP-stimulated neutrophil oxidative burst was enhanced when whole blood was pre-incubated with plasma obtained 1\u00a0h following colostrum consumption. There was greater salivary lysozyme concentration and bacterial-stimulated blood neutrophil elastase release at post-exercise and 1\u00a0h post-exercise respectively in the bovine colostrum trial (trial \u00d7 time interaction,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05). There was no effect of bovine colostrum on leukocyte trafficking, PMA-stimulated neutrophil oxidative burst, salivary secretory immunoglobulin A and salivary lactoferrin.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Acute bovine colostrum supplementation can modify innate immune responses to prolonged exercise, which may be due to components or metabolites of bovine colostrum that become bioavailable following consumption.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-026-04016-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T12:42:24Z","timestamp":1780749744000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of acute bovine colostrum supplementation on immune responses to prolonged cycling: a randomised crossover trial"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Arwel W.","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhys","family":"Thatcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4340-0074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Glen","family":"Davison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"4016_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200737040-00036","volume":"37","author":"DC Nieman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nieman DC (2007) Marathon training and immune function. 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