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Logistic regression, odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to estimate the association of food insecurity with MASLD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Adult food insecurity was associated with increased odds of MASLD (low\/very low vs. full security: OR\u2009=\u20091.41, 95% CI 1.12\u20131.77). Although there was no significant interaction between food insecurity and race\/ethnicity (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      interaction\u2009=\u20090.23), the positive association between food insecurity and MASLD was limited among non-Hispanic Whites. Food insecurity was associated with higher odds of MASLD in women but not men, with an interaction between food insecurity and sex (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      interaction\u2009=\u20090.049). Furthermore, mediation analyses suggested that added sugar intake and intake of whole fruits and non-potato vegetables partially mediated the association of food insecurity with MASLD. The partial mediating effects of these foods were observed only among non-Hispanic Whites but not observed in other racial\/ethnic groups or across sex.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results suggest that the positive association between food insecurity and MASLD may be dependent on race\/ethnicity and sex. Increased consumption of whole fruits vegetables intake and reduced intake of added sugar may partially reduce the impact of food insecurity on MASLD development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-026-04021-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T10:51:12Z","timestamp":1781866272000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Association of food insecurity with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease by sex and race\/ethnicity"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9944-2105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meng-Hua","family":"Tao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Hui","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jialiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiwen","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheri","family":"Trudeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Humberto C.","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart C.","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"4021_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2024.02.007","volume":"35","author":"L Miao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Miao L, Targher G, Byrne CD, Cao YY, Zheng MH (2024) Current status and future trends of the global burden of MASLD. 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