{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T11:11:08Z","timestamp":1791803468513,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008386","name":"Marmara University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008386","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review aimed to synthesize current evidence on the effects of various dietary interventions on anthropometric, metabolic, hormonal, inflammatory, and oxidative stress parameters in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The review followed the PRISMA guidelines and was prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD42025641781). Searches were conducted in PubMed, Cochrane Library, EBSCO, Science Direct, Web of Science, National Thesis Center, Google Scholar, and DergiPark Academic for studies published between February 2015 and February 2025. Experimental and observational studies were included if they evaluated the independent effect of dietary interventions in adult women with PCOS. Methodological quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tools.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 38 studies were included, covering interventions such as calorie-restricted diets, low-glycemic index\/load diets, ketogenic diets, intermittent fasting, dietary approaches to stop hypertension, Mediterranean-style, and other diets. Most dietary interventions demonstrated beneficial effects on body weight, body mass index, and waist circumference, as well as improvements in insulin sensitivity, reproductive hormone regulation, and menstrual regularity. However, findings related to lipid metabolism, inflammatory markers, and oxidative stress outcomes were inconsistent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Current evidence indicates that dietary interventions are crucial in improving the management of metabolic, anthropometric, hormonal, and clinical outcomes in women with PCOS\n                      <jats:bold>.<\/jats:bold>\n                      Nevertheless, the heterogeneity of dietary approaches, study designs, and outcome measures highlights the need for long-term randomized controlled trials to establish more conclusive recommendations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-026-04030-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T11:04:05Z","timestamp":1782731045000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Nutrition interventions in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0330-5245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elif","family":"Akba\u015f","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5401-3299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merve","family":"Samanc\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8232-103X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasemin Erta\u015f","family":"\u00d6zt\u00fcrk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"4030_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100123","volume":"12","author":"L Barrea","year":"2021","unstructured":"Barrea L, Verde L, Camajani E et al (2021) PCOS and nutritional approaches: differences between lean and obese phenotype. Metabolism Open 12:100123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100123","journal-title":"Metabolism Open"},{"key":"4030_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"F\u0131rat S, Fisuno\u011flu M. (2021) Polikistik Over Sendromunda G\u00fcncel Terap\u00f6tik Ajanlardan \u0130nositol ve Alfa Lipoik Asit Takviyesi \u00dczerine Bir Derleme. Akdeniz T\u0131p Dergisi. 7(2):184\u2013196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53394\/akd.958775","DOI":"10.53394\/akd.958775"},{"issue":"5","key":"4030_CR3","first-page":"6","volume":"12","author":"\u0130 Hortu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hortu \u0130, Karada\u015f N (2019) Polikistik over sendromu patofizyolojisi. Turkiye Klinikleri Gynecol Obstet-Spec Top 12(5):6\u20139","journal-title":"Turkiye Klinikleri Gynecol Obstet-Spec Top"},{"issue":"23","key":"4030_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5566","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25235566","volume":"25","author":"Z Kamenov","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kamenov Z, Gateva A (2020) Inositols in PCOS. Molecules 25(23):5566. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules25235566","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"3","key":"4030_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031336","volume":"19","author":"J Parker","year":"2022","unstructured":"Parker J, Trewin H, Leung Y et al (2022) Polycystic ovary syndrome: an evolutionary adaptation to lifestyle and the environment. Int J Environ Res Public Health 19(3):1336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19031336","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"4030_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2017.03.030","volume":"11","author":"Z Faghfoori","year":"2017","unstructured":"Faghfoori Z, Fazelian S, Shadnoush M et al (2017) Nutritional management in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a review study. Diabetes Metab Syndr 11(Suppl 1):S429\u2013S432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsx.2017.03.030","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"4030_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263349412091103","DOI":"10.1177\/2633494120911038","volume":"14","author":"YV Louwers","year":"2020","unstructured":"Louwers YV, Laven JS (2020) Characteristics of polycystic ovary syndrome throughout life. Ther Adv Reprod Health 14:2633494120911038. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2633494120911038","journal-title":"Ther Adv Reprod Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"4030_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422418000136","volume":"31","author":"L Barrea","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barrea L, Arnone A, Annunziata G et al (2018) Source and amount of carbohydrate in the diet and inflammation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Nutr Res Rev 31(2):291\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954422418000136","journal-title":"Nutr Res Rev"},{"issue":"23","key":"4030_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12490","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182312490","volume":"18","author":"RI Cincione","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cincione RI, Cirillo P, Di Domenico O et al (2021) Effects of a ketogenic diet in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18(23):12490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph182312490","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"4030_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.glohj.2022.03.002","volume":"6","author":"M Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li M, Ruan X, Mueck AO (2022) Management strategy of infertility in polycystic ovary syndrome. Glob Health J 6(2):70\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.glohj.2022.03.002","journal-title":"Glob Health J"},{"issue":"6","key":"4030_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogoh.2020.101894","volume":"50","author":"SL Fong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fong SL, Douma A, Verhaeghe J (2021) Implementing the international evidence-based guideline of assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): how to achieve weight loss in overweight and obese women with PCOS? J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 50(6):101894. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jogoh.2020.101894","journal-title":"J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"3","key":"4030_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-023-00479-8","volume":"12","author":"M Di Lorenzo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Di Lorenzo M, Ceccarini G, Luchi S et al (2023) Pathophysiology and nutritional approaches in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a comprehensive review. Curr Nutr Rep 12(3):527\u2013544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13668-023-00479-8","journal-title":"Curr Nutr Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"4030_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.14117","volume":"46","author":"R Shahid","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shahid R, Ashraf MA, Qamar SA et al (2022) Diet and lifestyle modifications for effective management of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). J Food Biochem 46(7):e14117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jfbc.14117","journal-title":"J Food Biochem"},{"issue":"1","key":"4030_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-024-01758-5","volume":"21","author":"AE Juh\u00e1sz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Juh\u00e1sz AE, T\u00f6r\u00f6k M, Farkas N et al (2024) Ranking the dietary interventions by their effectiveness in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Reprod Health 21(1):28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12978-024-01758-5","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"4030_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P1","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-0253","volume":"171","author":"G Conway","year":"2014","unstructured":"Conway G, Dewailly D, Diamanti-Kandarakis E et al (2014) The polycystic ovary syndrome: a position statement from the European Society of Endocrinology. Eur J Endocrinol 171(4):P1\u2013P29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-14-0253","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4030_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2018.24","volume":"14","author":"HF Escobar-Morreale","year":"2018","unstructured":"Escobar-Morreale HF (2018) Polycystic ovary syndrome: definition, aetiology, diagnosis and treatment. Nat Rev Endocrinol 14(5):270\u2013284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrendo.2018.24","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"4030_CR17","unstructured":"\u00d6zkara B. (2015) Polikistik over sendromlu kad\u0131nlara uygulanan beslenme program\u0131n\u0131n etkinli\u011finin de\u011ferlendirilmesi. \u0130stanbul: Hali\u00e7 \u00dcniversitesi Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bilimleri Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc; [Master\u2019s thesis]."},{"issue":"4","key":"4030_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12041454","volume":"12","author":"S Singh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Singh S, Manson JE, Zawacki CM et al (2023) Polycystic ovary syndrome: etiology, current management, and future therapeutics. J Clin Med 12(4):1454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12041454","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"4030_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmab141","volume":"13","author":"S Alesi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alesi S, Villaseca P, Baccaro LF et al (2022) Nutritional supplements and complementary therapies in polycystic ovary syndrome. Adv Nutr 13(4):1243\u20131266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/advances\/nmab141","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"4030_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM et al (2021) The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 372:n71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n71","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"4030_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-024-00565-5","volume":"13","author":"GS Aydo\u011fdu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aydo\u011fdu GS, Kaya S, Altun M et al (2024) Folic acid as a potential vitamin in glycemic control: a systematic review. Curr Nutr Rep 13(4):729\u2013750. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13668-024-00565-5","journal-title":"Curr Nutr Rep"},{"issue":"14","key":"4030_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.2174\/0118715303286777240223074922","volume":"24","author":"P Dou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dou P, Zhang TT, Xu Y, Xue Q, Zhang Y, Shang J, Yang XL (2024) A Randomized trial of the efficacy of three weight loss diet interventions in overweight\/obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets24(14):1686\u20131697. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/0118715303286777240223074922","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"4030_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abu Salma BM, El-Sayed SH, Ramadan AA, et al. (2024) Effect of intermittent fasting on body composition and anthropometric measurements of women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Rev Nutr Clin Diet Hosp. 44(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12873\/442abu","DOI":"10.12873\/442abu"},{"issue":"3","key":"4030_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1376990","volume":"47","author":"Z Asemi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Asemi Z, Esmaillzadeh A (2015) DASH diet, insulin resistance, and serum hs-CRP in polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Horm Metab Res 47(3):232\u2013238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0034-1376990","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"4030_CR25","unstructured":"Ata\u00e7 Asan S. (2017)The effect of curcumin or white bean extract on biochemical and anthropometric parameters in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Ac\u0131badem University. [Master\u2019s thesis]."},{"issue":"3","key":"4030_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12433","volume":"30","author":"M Azadi-Yazdi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Azadi-Yazdi M, Karimi-Zarchi M, Dehghani A et al (2017) Effects of Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension diet on androgens, antioxidant status and body composition in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomised controlled trial. J Hum Nutr Diet 30(3):275\u2013283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jhn.12433","journal-title":"J Hum Nutr Diet"},{"key":"4030_CR27","unstructured":"Cezlan H\u015e. (2024) Evaluation of the effects of different diet programs on anthropometric parameters and Diet Satisfaction Scale in women with polycystic ovary syndrome in department of nutrition and dietetics. Bah\u00e7e\u015fehir University. [Master\u2019s thesis]."},{"issue":"10","key":"4030_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15102260","volume":"15","author":"BS Feyzioglu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Feyzioglu BS, G\u00fcven CM, Avul Z (2023) Eight-hour time-restricted feeding: a strong candidate diet protocol for first-line therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome. Nutrients 15(10):2260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15102260","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"4030_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13333","volume":"87","author":"F Foroozanfard","year":"2017","unstructured":"Foroozanfard F, Jamilian M, Bahmani F et al (2017) The effects of Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet on weight loss, anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone and metabolic profiles in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. Clin Endocrinol 87(1):51\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cen.13333","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4030_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2458084","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2025.2458084","volume":"41","author":"X Jiang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jiang X, Liu Y, Zhao H et al (2025) Effect of light fasting diet therapy on lipid metabolism and sex hormone levels in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome combined with infertility. Gynecol Endocrinol 41(1):2458084. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09513590.2025.2458084","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4030_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1007\/s13410-023-01256-7","volume":"44","author":"B Kulshreshtha","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kulshreshtha B, Purohit G, Mehta A et al (2024) Isocaloric diet is as effective as the hypocaloric diet in ameliorating symptoms in PCOS patients. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 44(2):356\u2013365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13410-023-01256-7","journal-title":"Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries"},{"issue":"1","key":"4030_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-021-02817-2","volume":"19","author":"C Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li C, He J, Chen X et al (2021) Eight-hour time-restricted feeding improves endocrine and metabolic profiles in women with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome. J Transl Med 19(1):148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-021-02817-2","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"4030_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.876620","volume":"9","author":"S Mei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mei S, Yang H, Jiang Y et al (2022) Mediterranean diet combined with a low-carbohydrate dietary pattern in the treatment of overweight polycystic ovary syndrome patients. Front Nutr 9:876620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2022.876620","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"4030_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2018.1499084","volume":"35","author":"A Moini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moini A, Ebrahimi S, Shirzad N et al (2019) The effect of weight loss program on serum anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone level in obese and overweight infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol 35(2):119\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09513590.2018.1499084","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"key":"4030_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Naji T, Al-Sakkaf KA, Al-Fageer E, et al. (2024) The influence of clinical nutrition and a healthy lifestyle on the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome symptoms. Yemeni J Med Sci. 18(1):42\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20428\/yjms.v18i1.1845","DOI":"10.20428\/yjms.v18i1.1845"},{"key":"4030_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-025-01808-8","volume":"133","author":"M Ozdemir","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ozdemir M, Mumusoglu S, Bilgic P (2025) Comparison of metabolic and hormonal profiles between low-advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and standard AGEs-containing weight-loss diets in overweight phenotype-A PCOS patients: a randomized clinical trial. Reprod Sci 32:1190\u20131201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43032-025-01808-8","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"4030_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00d6zturan \u015eirin A. (2020)Effect of nutritional therapy in PCOS patients with FTO and MC4R gene polymorphisms on body composition and some biochemical parameters. Gazi University. [PhD thesis].","DOI":"10.46237\/amusbfd.722771"},{"key":"4030_CR38","unstructured":"\u015eanl\u0131 Ak G. (2017)The effects of diet applications that contain different diet patterns on body composition and some biochemical findings for patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Ba\u015fkent University. [Master\u2019s thesis]."},{"key":"4030_CR39","unstructured":"Seven Avuk H. (2021)The effect of ketogenic diet on biochemical and anthropometric parameters in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. 2021. [PhD Thesis]."},{"issue":"1","key":"4030_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-019-0420-1","volume":"19","author":"F Shishehgar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shishehgar F, Ramezani Tehrani F, Vahidi S (2019) Does a restricted energy low glycemic index diet have a different effect on overweight women with or without polycystic ovary syndrome? BMC Endocr Disord 19(1):93. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12902-019-0420-1","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"4030_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-023-02682-9","volume":"23","author":"F Shishehgar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shishehgar F, Tehrani FR, Vahidi S (2023) The effects of weight loss on health-related quality of life in obese women with PCOS and controls. BMC Womens Health 23(1):532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12905-023-02682-9","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"4030_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2022.03.023","volume":"45","author":"M Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang M, Chen T, Wu H et al (2022) Effects of a ketogenic diet in women with PCOS with different uric acid concentrations: a prospective cohort study. Reprod Biomed Online 45(2):391\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rbmo.2022.03.023","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"issue":"2","key":"4030_CR43","first-page":"51","volume":"9","author":"F Zangeneh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zangeneh F, Naghizadeh MM, Masoumi SZ et al (2015) Effect of Ramadan fasting on stress neurohormones in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Fam Reprod Health 9(2):51","journal-title":"J Fam Reprod Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"4030_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12545","volume":"31","author":"M Karamali","year":"2018","unstructured":"Karamali M, Nourgostar S, Shahrzad HD et al (2018) The effect of dietary soy intake on weight loss, glycaemic control, lipid profiles and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomised clinical trial. J Hum Nutr Diet 31(4):533\u2013543. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jhn.12545","journal-title":"J Hum Nutr Diet"},{"key":"4030_CR45","unstructured":"\u0141agowska K, Drzyma\u0142a-Czy\u017c S. (2022) A low glycemic index, energy-restricted diet but not Lactobacillus rhamnosus supplementation changes fecal short-chain fatty acid and serum lipid concentrations in women with overweight or obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 26(3)."},{"issue":"8","key":"4030_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24081508","volume":"24","author":"M Szczuko","year":"2019","unstructured":"Szczuko M, Zapalowska-Chwy\u0107 M, Drozd R (2019) A low glycemic index decreases inflammation by increasing the concentration of uric acid and the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx3) in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Molecules 24(8):1508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules24081508","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"4030_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Swora-Cwynar E, Czarnecka A, Marciniak D, et al. (2016) The effects of a low-calorie diet or an isocaloric diet combined with metformin on sex hormones in obese women of child-bearing age. Acta Sci Pol Technol Aliment. 15(2):213\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17306\/J.AFS.2016.2.21","DOI":"10.17306\/J.AFS.2016.2.21"},{"issue":"5","key":"4030_CR48","first-page":"2293","volume":"23","author":"M Le Donne","year":"2019","unstructured":"Le Donne M, Alibrandi A, Vita R et al (2019) Effects of three treatment modalities (diet, myoinositol or myoinositol associated with D-chiro-inositol) on clinical and body composition outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 23(5):2293\u20132301.","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"4030_CR49","unstructured":"Nybacka \u00c5. (2019) Hormonal and metabolic effects of diet and physical exercise in overweight\/obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Karolinska Institutet. [PhD thesis]."},{"issue":"6","key":"4030_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13427","volume":"87","author":"\u00c5 Nybacka","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nybacka \u00c5, Hellstr\u00f6m PM, Hirschberg AL (2017) Increased fibre and reduced trans fatty acid intake are primary predictors of metabolic improvement in overweight polycystic ovary syndrome\u2014substudy of randomized trial between diet exercise and diet plus exercise for weight control. Clin Endocrinol 87(6):680\u2013688. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cen.13427","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4030_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14098","volume":"91","author":"J Kataoka","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kataoka J, Yoshida Y, Hosokawa M et al (2019) Prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in women with severe obesity\u2014effects of a structured weight loss programme. Clin Endocrinol 91(6):750\u2013758. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cen.14098","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4030_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2015.225","volume":"70","author":"E Papakonstantinou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Papakonstantinou E, Kechribari I, Mitrou P et al (2016) Effect of meal frequency on glucose and insulin levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomised trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 70(5):588\u2013594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ejcn.2015.225","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"4030_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2023.108420","volume":"119","author":"C Palafox-G\u00f3mez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Palafox-G\u00f3mez C, Melchor-L\u00f3pez A, Rizo-Baeza M et al (2023) Adding a ketogenic dietary intervention to IVF treatment in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome improves implantation and pregnancy. Reprod Toxicol 119:108420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.reprotox.2023.108420","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4030_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.117200","volume":"102","author":"GF Becker","year":"2015","unstructured":"Becker GF, Passos EP, Moulin CC (2015) Short-term effects of a hypocaloric diet with low glycemic index and low glycemic load on body adiposity, metabolic variables, ghrelin, leptin, and pregnancy rate in overweight and obese infertile women: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 102(6):1365\u20131372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.115.117200","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"4030_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2151","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab028","volume":"106","author":"SE Hoover","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hoover SE, Margolesky J, Flynn A et al (2021) Changes in ghrelin and glucagon following a low glycemic load diet in women with PCOS. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 106(5):e2151\u2013e2161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgab028","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"4030_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sordia-Hernandez L, S\u00e1nchez-Garrido A, L\u00f3pez-Bayghen E, et al. (2016)Effect of a low glycemic diet in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome and anovulation: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 43(4):555\u2013559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12891\/ceog3037.2016","DOI":"10.12891\/ceog3037.2016"},{"issue":"3","key":"4030_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1159\/000444130","volume":"68","author":"NP Soares","year":"2016","unstructured":"Soares NP, Dorneles GP, Rempel C et al (2016) Diet-induced weight loss reduces DNA damage and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight\/obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Ann Nutr Metab 68(3):220\u2013227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000444130","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab"},{"key":"4030_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2025.112696","volume":"133","author":"L Colonetti","year":"2025","unstructured":"Colonetti L, Bedani R, Cavallini DC et al (2025) Effects of carbohydrate reduced diet associated with strength training on clinical signs of women with polycystic ovary syndrome: randomized clinical trial. Nutrition 133:112696. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nut.2025.112696","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"issue":"10","key":"4030_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10101387","volume":"10","author":"M Kazemi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kazemi M, McBreairty LE, Chizen DR et al (2018) A comparison of a pulse-based diet and the therapeutic lifestyle changes diet in combination with exercise and health counselling on the cardio-metabolic risk profile in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Nutrients 10(10):1387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu10101387","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"6","key":"4030_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14179","volume":"92","author":"M Kazemi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kazemi M, McBreairty LE, Chizen DR et al (2020) A randomized controlled trial of a lifestyle intervention with longitudinal follow-up on ovarian dysmorphology in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Endocrinol 92(6):525\u2013535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cen.14179","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4030_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.4172\/2165-7904.1000259","volume":"5","author":"JL Phy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Phy JL, Phipps WR, Hopkins MR et al (2015) Low starch\/low dairy diet results in successful treatment of obesity and co-morbidities linked to polycystic ovary syndrome. J Obes Weight Loss Ther 5(2):259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4172\/2165-7904.1000259","journal-title":"J Obes Weight Loss Ther"},{"key":"4030_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mahmoud NF. (2018) Effect of diet control therapy on the dermatological symptoms of obese polycystic ovarian syndrome women: repeated measure design. Int J Physiother Res. 6(3):2740\u20132747. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.16965\/ijpr.2018.128","DOI":"10.16965\/ijpr.2018.128"},{"key":"4030_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191759","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1191759","volume":"14","author":"K Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang K, Li Y (2023) Signaling pathways and targeted therapeutic strategies for polycystic ovary syndrome. Front Endocrinol 14:1191759. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1191759","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4030_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01351-0","volume":"44","author":"P Moghetti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moghetti P, Tosi F (2021) Insulin resistance and PCOS: chicken or egg? J Endocrinol Invest 44(2):233\u2013244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40618-020-01351-0","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"4","key":"4030_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.7570\/jomes24035","volume":"33","author":"JJ Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim JJ (2024) Obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome. J Obes Metab Syndr 33(4):289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7570\/jomes24035","journal-title":"J Obes Metab Syndr"},{"issue":"11","key":"4030_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e08338","volume":"7","author":"N Saadati","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saadati N, Jamilian M, Asemi Z et al (2021) The effect of low glycemic index diet on the reproductive and clinical profile in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon 7(11):e08338 . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e08338","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"6","key":"4030_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1159\/000519302","volume":"77","author":"X Che","year":"2021","unstructured":"Che X, Zhou X, Xu Y et al (2021) Dietary interventions: a promising treatment for polycystic ovary syndrome. Ann Nutr Metab 77(6):313\u2013323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000519302","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"4030_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665124007584","volume":"83","author":"N Scannell","year":"2024","unstructured":"Scannell N, Forde C, Conway C et al (2024) The potential role of the Mediterranean diet for the treatment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome: a review of the pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical evidence. Proc Nutr Soc 83(2):1\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0029665124007584","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"4030_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dey343","volume":"34","author":"M Brower","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brower M, Brennan K, Reimann E et al (2019) Bidirectional Mendelian randomization to explore the causal relationships between body mass index and polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 34(1):127\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/dey343","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"1","key":"4030_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmaa092","volume":"12","author":"M Kazemi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kazemi M, McBreairty LE, Zello GA et al (2021) Effects of dietary glycemic index and glycemic load on cardiometabolic and reproductive profiles in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Adv Nutr 12(1):161\u2013178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/advances\/nmaa092","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"4030_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-024-01441-3","volume":"23","author":"N Eshaghhosseiny","year":"2024","unstructured":"Eshaghhosseiny N, Jamilian M, Foroozanfard F et al (2024) The effects of ketogenic diet on metabolic and hormonal parameters in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. J Diabetes Metab Disord 23(2):1573\u20131587. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40200-024-01441-3","journal-title":"J Diabetes Metab Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"4030_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-025-01411-1","volume":"23","author":"R Cannarella","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cannarella R, Condorelli RA, Mongio\u00ec LM et al (2025) Effects of ketogenic diets on polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 23(1):74. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12958-025-01411-1","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4030_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1159\/000543941","volume":"90","author":"C Turetta","year":"2025","unstructured":"Turetta C, Manente L, Plebani M et al (2025) Impact of ketogenic diet on weight, metabolic, and endocrine parameters in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gynecol Obstet Invest 90(3):205\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000543941","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"4030_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-024-00263-9","volume":"14","author":"F Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang F, Xie W, Li L et al (2024) Effects of high-protein diets on the cardiometabolic factors and reproductive hormones of women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Diabetes 14(1):6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41387-024-00263-9","journal-title":"Nutr Diabetes"},{"issue":"4","key":"4030_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2015.12.002","volume":"36","author":"X Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang X, Wang J, Chen Y et al (2016) Long-term ketogenic diet contributes to glycemic control but promotes lipid accumulation and hepatic steatosis in type 2 diabetic mice. Nutr Res 36(4):349\u2013358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nutres.2015.12.002","journal-title":"Nutr Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"4030_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmae008","volume":"30","author":"D Ruiz-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ruiz-Gonz\u00e1lez D, G\u00f3mez-Real F, Iglesias L et al (2024) Comparative efficacy of exercise, diet and\/or pharmacological interventions on BMI, ovulation, and hormonal profile in reproductive-aged women with overweight or obesity: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 30(4):472\u2013487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humupd\/dmae008","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"issue":"5","key":"4030_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.12.035","volume":"226","author":"NE Marshall","year":"2022","unstructured":"Marshall NE, Abrams B, Barbour LA et al (2022) The importance of nutrition in pregnancy and lactation: lifelong consequences. Am J Obstet Gynecol 226(5):607\u2013632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.12.035","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4030_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deac267","volume":"38","author":"CL Haase","year":"2023","unstructured":"Haase CL, Karasik A, Finer N et al (2023) Association between body mass index, weight loss and the chance of pregnancy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and overweight or obesity: a retrospective cohort study in the UK. Hum Reprod 38(3):471\u2013481. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/deac267","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00394-026-04030-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00394-026-04030-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00394-026-04030-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T13:15:27Z","timestamp":1787058927000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00394-026-04030-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["4030"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00394-026-04030-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1436-6207","1436-6215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1436-6207","type":"print"},{"value":"1436-6215","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflicts of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This article is based on previously published studies and does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. Therefore, ethical approval was not required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"176"}}