{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T13:00:27Z","timestamp":1792155627349,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007753","name":"University of Eastern Finland","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007753","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Patatin-like phosphatase domain-containing 3 (\n                      <jats:italic>PNPLA3<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) gene and dietary fat are important factors for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We studied the impact of dietary fat quality modification on liver adiposity in men homozygotes for\n                      <jats:italic>PNPLA3<\/jats:italic>\n                      (GG, carriers of the risk allele and CC, non-carriers).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Ninety-eight men (age: 67.8\u2009\u00b1\u20094.2\u00a0years, body mass index: 27.2\u2009\u00b1\u20092.5\u00a0kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), homozygous for\n                      <jats:italic>PNPLA3<\/jats:italic>\n                      rs738409 variant (I148M), randomly assigned for two diet intervention arms, participated in a 12-week diet intervention. Recommended diet (RD) arm ate fat according to the National and Nordic nutrition recommendations, average diet (AD) arm ate according to the average fat intake in Finland. Liver imaging by ultrasound with 2D-shear wave elastography (2D-SWE) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in combination with magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) were performed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      MRI-based liver fat proportion decreased in the RD arm (CC: from 3.8\u2009\u00b1\u20093.2 to 3.2\u2009\u00b1\u20093.3%, GG: from 3.9\u2009\u00b1\u20093.3 to 3.5\u2009\u00b1\u20093.1%,\n                      <jats:italic>p time<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.032) and increased in the AD arm (CC: from 4.1\u2009\u00b1\u20093.6 to 4.8\u2009\u00b1\u20093.9%, GG: from 4.7\u2009\u00b1\u20093.7 to 6.7\u2009\u00b1\u20095.3%,\n                      <jats:italic>p time<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.015). MRS-quantified liver saturated fat content increased in the AD arm in both genotypes of\n                      <jats:italic>PNPLA3<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>p time<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.010). Liver triglyceride concentration did not change in either arm with the CC genotype but increased in the AD arm with the GG genotype (for time and genotype interaction\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.027).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Diet based on fat quality recommendations could be beneficial for liver health in both\n                      <jats:italic>PNPLA3<\/jats:italic>\n                      genotypes CC and GG. The average diet seems to be especially harmful for liver health in carriers of the\n                      <jats:italic>PNPLA3<\/jats:italic>\n                      risk genotype (GG).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-026-04031-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T11:15:03Z","timestamp":1782731703000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Patatin-like phosphatase domain-containing 3 genotype and quality of dietary fat modify the liver adiposity in men"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Milla-M.","family":"Tauriainen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria A.","family":"Lankinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juhana M.","family":"Hakum\u00e4ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olli M.","family":"Lahtinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minna","family":"Husso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jyrki J.","family":"\u00c5gren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markku","family":"Laakso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ursula S.","family":"Schwab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"4031_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.11.312","volume":"158","author":"M Eslam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eslam M et al (2020) MAFLD: a consensus-driven proposed nomenclature for metabolic associated fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 158:1999-2014.e1","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"4031_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32511-3","volume":"397","author":"EE Powell","year":"2021","unstructured":"Powell EE, Wong VW-S, Rinella M (2021) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Lancet 397:2212\u20132224","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4031_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00165-0","volume":"7","author":"K Riazi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Riazi K et al (2022) The prevalence and incidence of NAFLD worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol hepatol 7:851\u2013861","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol hepatol"},{"key":"4031_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.109","volume":"15","author":"Z Younossi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Younossi Z et al (2018) Global burden of NAFLD and NASH: trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 15:11\u201320","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"4031_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70032-4","volume":"2","author":"H Yki-J\u00e4rvinen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yki-J\u00e4rvinen H (2014) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as a cause and a consequence of metabolic syndrome. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2:901\u2013910","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"4031_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003100","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003100","volume":"17","author":"H Jarvis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jarvis H et al (2020) Metabolic risk factors and incident advanced liver disease in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based observational studies. PLoS Med 17:e1003100","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"4031_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.10.033","volume":"70","author":"ZM Younossi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Younossi ZM (2019) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease - a global public health perspective. J Hepatol 70:531\u2013544","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"4031_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101111","volume":"50","author":"W Jonas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jonas W, Sch\u00fcrmann A (2021) Genetic and epigenetic factors determining NAFLD risk. Mol Metab 50:101111","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"4031_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.02.020","volume":"72","author":"E Tr\u00e9po","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tr\u00e9po E, Valenti L (2020) Update on NAFLD genetics: from new variants to the clinic. J Hepatol 72:1196\u20131209","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"4031_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-023-00887-4","volume":"25","author":"C Hepburn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hepburn C, von Roenn N (2023) Nutrition in liver disease - a review. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 25:242\u2013249","journal-title":"Curr Gastroenterol Rep"},{"key":"4031_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00472-y","volume":"18","author":"H Yki-J\u00e4rvinen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yki-J\u00e4rvinen H, Luukkonen PK, Hodson L, Moore JB (2021) Dietary carbohydrates and fats in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 18:770\u2013786","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"4031_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50132","volume":"37","author":"G Musso","year":"2003","unstructured":"Musso G et al (2003) Dietary habits and their relations to insulin resistance and postprandial lipemia in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 37:909\u2013916","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"4031_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.3.701","volume":"52","author":"M Tiikkainen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tiikkainen M et al (2003) Effects of identical weight loss on body composition and features of insulin resistance in obese women with high and low liver fat content. Diabetes 52:701\u2013707","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"4031_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-0071","volume":"41","author":"PK Luukkonen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Luukkonen PK et al (2018) Saturated fat is more metabolically harmful for the human liver than unsaturated fat or simple sugars. Diabetes Care 41:1732\u20131739","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"4031_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2356","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-1622","volume":"63","author":"F Rosqvist","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rosqvist F et al (2014) Overfeeding polyunsaturated and saturated fat causes distinct effects on liver and visceral fat accumulation in humans. Diabetes 63:2356\u20132368","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"4031_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.030114","volume":"95","author":"H Bjermo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bjermo H et al (2012) Effects of n-6 PUFAs compared with SFAs on liver fat, lipoproteins, and inflammation in abdominal obesity: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 95:1003\u20131012","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"4031_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0856","DOI":"10.1097\/HC9.0000000000000856","volume":"9","author":"G Dogay Us","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dogay Us G et al (2025) Mediterranean and low-fat diets are equally effective in MASLD resolution at 12 weeks regardless of PNPLA3 genotype: a randomized controlled trial. Hepatol Commun 9:e0856","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"4031_CR18","unstructured":"Valsta L, Kaartinen N, Tapanainen H, M\u00e4nnist\u00f6 S, S\u00e4\u00e4ksj\u00e4rvi K (2018) Nutrition in Finland \u2013 The National FinDiet 2017 Survey. PunaMusta Oy, 2018. FinDiet 2017 Survey 2018"},{"key":"4031_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840030215","volume":"3","author":"PG Mavrelis","year":"1983","unstructured":"Mavrelis PG, Ammon HV, Gleysteen JJ, Komorowski RA, Charaf UK (1983) Hepatic free fatty acids in alcoholic liver disease and morbid obesity. Hepatology 3:226\u2013231","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"4031_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4156","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22084156","volume":"22","author":"Y Sakurai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sakurai Y, Kubota N, Yamauchi T, Kadowaki T (2021) Role of insulin resistance in MAFLD. Int J Mol Sci 22:4156","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"4031_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3863","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21113863","volume":"21","author":"H Fujii","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fujii H, Kawada N, Japan Study Group Of Nafld Jsg-Nafld (2020) The role of insulin resistance and diabetes in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Int J Mol Sci 21:3863","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"4031_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.257","volume":"40","author":"S Romeo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Romeo S et al (2008) Genetic variation in PNPLA3 confers susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nat Genet 40:1461\u20131465","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"4031_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2008.09.012","volume":"83","author":"X Yuan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yuan X et al (2008) Population-based genome-wide association studies reveal six loci influencing plasma levels of liver enzymes. Am J Hum Genet 83:520\u2013528","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"4031_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2019.00304","volume":"6","author":"XC Dong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dong XC (2019) PNPLA3-A potential therapeutic target for personalized treatment of chronic liver disease. Front Med 6:304","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"4031_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-009-1285-z","volume":"52","author":"A Kotronen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kotronen A et al (2009) A common variant in PNPLA3, which encodes adiponutrin, is associated with liver fat content in humans. Diabetologia 52:1056\u20131060","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"4031_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6969","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i41.6969","volume":"19","author":"P Dongiovanni","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dongiovanni P et al (2013) PNPLA3 I148M polymorphism and progressive liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 19:6969\u20136978","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"4031_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14324","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000014324","volume":"98","author":"G Dai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dai G, Liu P, Li X, Zhou X, He S (2019) Association between PNPLA3 rs738409 polymorphism and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) susceptibility and severity: a meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 98:e14324","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"4031_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3855","volume":"49","author":"S Stender","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stender S et al (2017) Adiposity amplifies the genetic risk of fatty liver disease conferred by multiple loci. Nat Genet 49:842\u2013847","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"4031_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.07.036","volume":"63","author":"E Scorletti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Scorletti E et al (2015) Treating liver fat and serum triglyceride levels in NAFLD, effects of PNPLA3 and TM6SF2 genotypes: results from the WELCOME trial. J Hepatol 63:1476\u20131483","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"4031_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4574","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612825666190117102111","volume":"24","author":"M Papatheodoridi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Papatheodoridi M, Cholongitas E (2018) Diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): current concepts. Curr Pharm Des 24:4574\u20134586","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"4031_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1005","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9041005","volume":"9","author":"VA Piazzolla","year":"2020","unstructured":"Piazzolla VA, Mangia A (2020) Noninvasive diagnosis of NAFLD and NASH. Cells 9:E1005","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"4031_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S136","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2022.0436","volume":"29","author":"JH Yu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yu JH, Lee HA, Kim SU (2023) Noninvasive imaging biomarkers for liver fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: current and future. Clin Mol Hepatol 29:S136\u2013S149","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol"},{"key":"4031_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2021.101769","volume":"46","author":"J Boursier","year":"2022","unstructured":"Boursier J et al (2022) Non-invasive diagnosis and follow-up of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 46:101769","journal-title":"Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol"},{"key":"4031_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24283","volume":"53","author":"S Sookoian","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sookoian S, Pirola CJ (2011) Meta-analysis of the influence of I148M variant of patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 gene (PNPLA3) on the susceptibility and histological severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 53:1883\u20131894","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"4031_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.01.075","volume":"134","author":"KM Korenblat","year":"2008","unstructured":"Korenblat KM, Fabbrini E, Mohammed BS, Klein S (2008) Liver, muscle, and adipose tissue insulin action is directly related to intrahepatic triglyceride content in obese subjects. Gastroenterology 134:1369\u20131375","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"4031_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.04.068","volume":"133","author":"A Gastaldelli","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gastaldelli A et al (2007) Relationship between hepatic\/visceral fat and hepatic insulin resistance in nondiabetic and type 2 diabetic subjects. Gastroenterology 133:496\u2013506","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"4031_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-2404","volume":"100","author":"ES Jin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jin ES et al (2015) Influence of liver triglycerides on suppression of glucose production by insulin in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100:235\u2013243","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"4031_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.13968","volume":"54","author":"N Akuta","year":"2024","unstructured":"Akuta N et al (2024) Impact of genetic polymorphism on personalized diet and exercise program for steatotic liver disease. Hepatol Res 54:54\u201366","journal-title":"Hepatol Res"},{"key":"4031_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000574","volume":"79","author":"I Volkert","year":"2024","unstructured":"Volkert I et al (2024) Impact of PNPLA3 I148M on alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency-dependent liver disease progression. Hepatology 79:898\u2013911","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"4031_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.03.045","volume":"81","author":"VL Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen VL et al (2024) Genetic risk accentuates dietary effects on hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis in a population-based cohort. J Hepatol 81:379\u2013388","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"4031_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.07.054","volume":"154","author":"LJ McGeoch","year":"2018","unstructured":"McGeoch LJ, Patel PR, Mann JP (2018) PNPLA3: a determinant of response to low-fructose diet in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 154:1207\u20131208","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"4031_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.O072629","volume":"58","author":"M Laakso","year":"2017","unstructured":"Laakso M et al (2017) The Metabolic Syndrome in Men study: a resource for studies of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. J Lipid Res 58:481\u2013493","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"4031_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2314","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa183","volume":"150","author":"MA Van Name","year":"2020","unstructured":"Van Name MA et al (2020) A Low omega-6 to omega-3 PUFA ratio (n-6:n-3 PUFA) diet to treat fatty liver disease in obese youth. J Nutr 150:2314\u20132321","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"4031_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1017\/S136898001100351X","volume":"15","author":"C Mithril","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mithril C et al (2012) Guidelines for the new nordic diet. Public Health Nutr 15:1941\u20131947","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"4031_CR45","unstructured":"Kaartinen N, Tapanainen H, M\u00e4nnist\u00f6 S, S\u00e4\u00e4ksj\u00e4rvi K (2018) Nutrition in Finland\u2014The National FinDiet 2017 Survey; Report 12\/2018"},{"key":"4031_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2001004","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202001004","volume":"65","author":"MA Lankinen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lankinen MA et al (2021) The FADS1 genotype modifies metabolic responses to the linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid containing plant oils-genotype based randomized trial FADSDIET2. Mol Nutr Food Res 65:e2001004","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"key":"4031_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy287","volume":"109","author":"MA Lankinen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lankinen MA et al (2019) Inflammatory response to dietary linoleic acid depends on FADS1 genotype. Am J Clin Nutr 109:165\u2013175","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"4031_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2009.08.002","volume":"42","author":"J-H Lee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lee J-H et al (2010) Hepatic steatosis index: a simple screening tool reflecting nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dig Liver Dis 42:503\u2013508","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"4031_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.06.005","volume":"137","author":"A Kotronen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kotronen A et al (2009) Prediction of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and liver fat using metabolic and genetic factors. Gastroenterology 137:865\u2013872","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"4031_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-6-33","volume":"6","author":"G Bedogni","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bedogni G et al (2006) The Fatty Liver Index: a simple and accurate predictor of hepatic steatosis in the general population. BMC Gastroenterol 6:33","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"4031_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.12647","volume":"46","author":"W Sun","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sun W et al (2016) Comparison of FIB-4 index, NAFLD fibrosis score and BARD score for prediction of advanced fibrosis in adult patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a meta-analysis study. Hepatol Res 46:862\u2013870","journal-title":"Hepatol Res"},{"key":"4031_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14669","volume":"41","author":"J Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee J et al (2021) Prognostic accuracy of FIB-4, NAFLD fibrosis score and APRI for NAFLD-related events: a systematic review. Liver Int 41:261\u2013270","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"4031_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50346","volume":"38","author":"C-T Wai","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wai C-T et al (2003) A simple noninvasive index can predict both significant fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 38:518\u2013526","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"4031_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14669","volume":"41","author":"J Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee J et al (2021) Prognostic accuracy of FIB-4, NAFLD fibrosis score and APRI for NAFLD-related events: a systematic review. Liver Int 41:261\u2013270","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"4031_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.12647","volume":"46","author":"W Sun","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sun W et al (2016) Comparison of FIB-4 index, NAFLD fibrosis score and BARD score for prediction of advanced fibrosis in adult patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a meta-analysis study. Hepatol Res 46:862\u2013870","journal-title":"Hepatol Res"},{"key":"4031_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.9.1462","volume":"22","author":"M Matsuda","year":"1999","unstructured":"Matsuda M, DeFronzo RA (1999) Insulin sensitivity indices obtained from oral glucose tolerance testing: comparison with the euglycemic insulin clamp. Diabetes Care 22:1462\u20131470","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"4031_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.47391\/JPMA.22-63","volume":"72","author":"VK Ramdas Nayak","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ramdas Nayak VK, Satheesh P, Shenoy MT, Kalra S (2022) Triglyceride glucose (TyG) index: a surrogate biomarker of insulin resistance. J Pak Med Assoc 72:986\u2013988","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"key":"4031_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4969","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14234969","volume":"14","author":"J Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang J et al (2022) The diagnostic and prognostic value of the triglyceride-glucose index in metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients 14:4969","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"4031_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-103952","volume":"38","author":"CF Dietrich","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dietrich CF et al (2017) EFSUMB guidelines and recommendations on the clinical use of liver ultrasound elastography, update 2017 (Long Version). Ultraschall Med 38:e16\u2013e47","journal-title":"Ultraschall Med"},{"issue":"58","key":"4031_CR60","first-page":"12","volume":"3","author":"P Sharma","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sharma P, Diego M (2014) An efficient workflow for quantifying hepatic lipid and iron deposition using LiverLab. MAGNETOM Flash 3(58):12\u201317","journal-title":"MAGNETOM Flash"},{"key":"4031_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2016160863","volume":"284","author":"M Wagner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wagner M et al (2017) Technical failure of MR elastography examinations of the liver: experience from a large single-center study. Radiology 284:401\u2013412","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"4031_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2014.09.046","volume":"13","author":"S Singh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Singh S et al (2015) Diagnostic performance of magnetic resonance elastography in staging liver fibrosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 13:440-451.e6","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"4031_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.5604\/16652681.1198808","volume":"15","author":"S Singh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Singh S et al (2016) Diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance elastography in liver transplant recipients: a pooled analysis. Ann Hepatol 15:363\u2013376","journal-title":"Ann Hepatol"},{"key":"4031_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2025.01.040","volume":"57","author":"X Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang X et al (2025) Genetic risk amplifies lifestyle effects on hepatic steatosis and its progression: insights from a population-based cohort. Dig Liver Dis 57:893\u2013901","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"4031_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1358525","volume":"33","author":"M Krawczyk","year":"2013","unstructured":"Krawczyk M, Portincasa P, Lammert F (2013) PNPLA3-associated steatohepatitis: toward a gene-based classification of fatty liver disease. Semin Liver Dis 33:369\u2013379","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"4031_CR66","unstructured":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Current Care Guidelines (2020) Working group set up by the Finnish Medical Society Duodecim. The Finnish Medical Society Duodecim, Helsinki"},{"key":"4031_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12060824","volume":"12","author":"F Nassir","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nassir F (2022) NAFLD: mechanisms, treatments, and biomarkers. Biomolecules 12:824","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"4031_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.7570\/jomes23052","volume":"32","author":"W-K Chan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chan W-K et al (2023) Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD): a state-of-the-art review. J Obes Metab Syndr 32:197\u2013213","journal-title":"J Obes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"4031_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12525","author":"J Zeng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zeng J, Fan J-G, Francque SM (2024) Therapeutic management of metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease. United Eur Gastroenterol J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ueg2.12525","journal-title":"United Eur Gastroenterol J"},{"key":"4031_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Johnson S et al. (2023) Substrate-specific function of PNPLA3 facilitates hepatic VLDL-triglyceride secretion during stimulated lipogenesis. bioRxiv 2023.08.30.553213 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2023.08.30.553213","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.08.30.553213"},{"key":"4031_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo14010012","volume":"14","author":"MM Syed-Abdul","year":"2023","unstructured":"Syed-Abdul MM (2023) Lipid metabolism in metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Metabolites 14:12","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"4031_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.116069","volume":"170","author":"T Dong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dong T et al (2024) Roles of immune dysregulation in MASLD. Biomed Pharmacother 170:116069","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"4031_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.02.032","volume":"48","author":"K Pafili","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pafili K et al (2025) PNPLA3 gene variation modulates diet-induced improvement in liver lipid content in type 2 diabetes. Clin Nutr 48:6\u201315","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"4031_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.01.022","volume":"43","author":"M Dhyani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dhyani M et al (2017) Validation of shear-wave elastography cutoff values on the supersonic aixplorer for practical clinical use in liver fibrosis staging. Ultrasound Med Biol 43:1125\u20131133","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"key":"4031_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2013.12.011","volume":"83","author":"I Sporea","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sporea I et al (2014) Which are the cut-off values of 2D-Shear Wave Elastography (2D-SWE) liver stiffness measurements predicting different stages of liver fibrosis, considering Transient Elastography (TE) as the reference method? Eur J Radiol 83:e118-122","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"4031_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020192437","volume":"296","author":"RG Barr","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barr RG, Wilson SR, Rubens D, Garcia-Tsao G, Ferraioli G (2020) Update to the society of radiologists in ultrasound liver elastography consensus statement. Radiology 296:263\u2013274","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"4031_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2018-0543","volume":"32","author":"V Jain","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jain V et al (2019) Genetic polymorphisms associated with obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Asian Indian adolescents. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 32:749\u2013758","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"4031_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-021-00789-4","volume":"21","author":"N Salari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Salari N et al (2021) Association between PNPLA3 rs738409 polymorphism and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Endocr Disord 21:125\u2013134","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"key":"4031_CR79","unstructured":"Helld\u00e1n Anni. Finravinto 2012 \u2013tutkimus (2013) The National FINDIET 2012 Survey"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00394-026-04031-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00394-026-04031-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00394-026-04031-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:52:57Z","timestamp":1787064777000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00394-026-04031-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["4031"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00394-026-04031-6","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-8571369\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1436-6207","1436-6215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1436-6207","type":"print"},{"value":"1436-6215","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"181"}}