{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T13:30:29Z","timestamp":1787059829515,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006261","name":"Taif University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["244"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["244"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006261","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Periodontal disease, an inflammatory condition affecting the tissue surrounding the teeth, has been associated with various systemic health issues. Dietary nitrate and nitrite are found in a range of plant and animal foods and, depending upon source, have been linked with both positive and negative health effects, including improved oral health with plant sources. This study aimed to investigate the associations between source-dependent (plant- and animal-sourced) nitrate and nitrite intake and odds of periodontal disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We explored cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between tertiles of source-dependent nitrate and nitrite intake and the odds of periodontal disease using multivariable logistic regression models (cross-sectional analyses) and generalised estimating equations (longitudinal analyses) in 158,778 and 83,026 participants, respectively, from the UK Biobank. Dietary nitrate\/nitrite intake was estimated from 24\u00a0h dietary assessments and a comprehensive food composition database.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher intake of plant-derived nitrate was associated with significantly lower odds of periodontal disease in cross-sectional (OR [95%CI]: 0.925 [0.894\u20130.958]) and longitudinal (OR [95%CI]: 0.880 [0.840\u20130.921]) analyses compared with lower intakes. A similar pattern of association was observed for plant-derived nitrite. Animal-derived nitrate intake was not associated with odds of periodontal disease. Higher intake of animal-derived nitrite was associated with significantly higher odds of periodontal disease in cross-sectional analyses only (OR [95% CI]: 1.043 [1.009\u20131.078]).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Plant-derived nitrate and nitrite were associated with lower odds of self-reported periodontal disease, whilst animal-derived nitrite showed adverse associations in cross-sectional analyses only. Associations between dietary nitrate and nitrite with oral health outcomes may therefore depend on food source. Further mechanistic and intervention research is needed to test causality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-026-04035-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T11:08:03Z","timestamp":1782731283000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring the associations between dietary nitrate and nitrite intake and markers of self-reported periodontal disease in the UK Biobank cohort"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Shatha S.","family":"Alhulaefi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten","family":"Brandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheena E.","family":"Ramsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas S.","family":"Jakubovics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Griffiths","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie","family":"Matu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Siervo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin H.","family":"Parmenter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liezhou","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Hodgson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine P.","family":"Bondonno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola P.","family":"Bondonno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver M.","family":"Shannon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"4035_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02811-3","volume":"405","author":"E Bernabe","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bernabe E, Marcenes W, Abdulkader RS et al (2025) Trends in the global, regional, and national burden of oral conditions from 1990 to 2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. 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He has carried out paid consultancy (paid to institution) for Delta Hat Ltd and is a Section Chair for the Nutrition Society. AW has received funding from the BBSRC, Sacco S.R.L, Aelius Biotech Ltd, Better You Ltd, Greggs PLC, and Calysta UK. He is an external examiner at Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh and Northumbria University Newcastle (for which he receives a fee) and has received consultancy fees (paid to institution) from non-food industry organisations. AG declares previous funding from Office for Health Improvement and Disparities and Humber and North Yorkshire Integrated Care Boards. BHP has consulted for MaxBiocare, a company engaged in micronutrient research and related commercial activities.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval for UK Biobank was obtained from the North West\u2013Haydock Research Ethics Committee (REC reference: 16\/NW\/0274). 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