{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T13:30:24Z","timestamp":1787059824677,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783123200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-026-04044-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T09:38:30Z","timestamp":1783157910000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of vitamin B9 and B12-fortified corn flour on cognitive function in teenage girls: a randomized controlled trial in Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"65","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct06100146","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5390-0411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eshetu Zerihun","family":"Tariku","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3464-2584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muluken Bekele","family":"Sorrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8937-6079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria M.","family":"Leavitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maku E.","family":"Demuyakor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0574-6074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Befikadu Tariku","family":"Gutema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mekdim","family":"Kassa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gesila Endashaw","family":"Yesera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nigus Kabtu","family":"Belete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darik Temesgen","family":"Assefa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6541-0383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gudina","family":"Egata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefaan","family":"De Henauw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1363-0170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Souheila","family":"Abbeddou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"4044_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.56.1.5","volume":"56","author":"RA Thompson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Thompson RA, Nelson CA (2001) Developmental science and the media. Early brain development. Am Psychol 56(1):5\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0003-066X.56.1.5","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4044_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2004.00745.x","volume":"75","author":"B Luna","year":"2004","unstructured":"Luna B, Garver KE, Urban TA, Lazar NA, Sweeney JA (2004) Maturation of cognitive processes from late childhood to adulthood. Child Dev 75(5):1357\u20131372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2004.00745.x","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"issue":"6","key":"4044_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(90)90031-i","volume":"28","author":"PR Huttenlocher","year":"1990","unstructured":"Huttenlocher PR (1990) Morphometric study of human cerebral cortex development. Neuropsychologia 28(6):517\u2013527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0028-3932(90)90031-i","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"4044_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Keating DP, Demidenko M, Kelly D (2019) Cognitive and neurocognitive development in adolescence. In:Reference module in neuroscience and biobehavioral psychology. Elsevier, The Netherlands. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-809324-5.23636-5","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809324-5.23636-5"},{"issue":"10320","key":"4044_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(21)01590-7","volume":"399","author":"SA Norris","year":"2022","unstructured":"Norris SA, Frongillo EA, Black MM, Dong Y, Fall C, Lampl M et al (2022) Nutrition in adolescent growth and development. Lancet 399(10320):172\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(21)01590-7","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4044_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/7437.003.0046","volume":"2","author":"AJ Fuglestad","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fuglestad AJ, Rao R, Georgieff MK (2008) The role of nutrition in cognitive development. Handbook Dev Cogn Neurosci 2:623\u2013641. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7551\/mitpress\/7437.003.0046","journal-title":"Handbook Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"4044_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1159\/000486502","volume":"89","author":"MM Black","year":"2018","unstructured":"Black MM (2018) Impact of nutrition on growth, brain, and cognition. Nestle Nutr Inst Workshop Ser 89:185\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000486502","journal-title":"Nestle Nutr Inst Workshop Ser"},{"issue":"1","key":"4044_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665114001554","volume":"74","author":"C McGarel","year":"2015","unstructured":"McGarel C, Pentieva K, Strain JJ, McNulty H (2015) Emerging roles for folate and related B-vitamins in brain health across the lifecycle. Proc Nutr Soc 74(1):46\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0029665114001554","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"key":"4044_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092867","author":"P Lyon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lyon P, Strippoli V, Fang B, Cimmino L (2020) B vitamins and one-carbon metabolism: implications in human health and disease. Nutrients. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12092867","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"9","key":"4044_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1001\/JAMAPSYCHIATRY.2018.1381","volume":"75","author":"H Eryilmaz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Eryilmaz H, Dowling KF, Huntington FC, Rodriguez-Thompson A, Soare TW, Beard LM et al (2018) Association of prenatal exposure to population-wide folic acid fortification with altered cerebral cortex maturation in youths. JAMA Psychiat 75(9):918\u2013928. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/JAMAPSYCHIATRY.2018.1381","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"issue":"2_suppl1","key":"4044_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S126","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265080292s117","volume":"29","author":"MM Black","year":"2008","unstructured":"Black MM (2008) Effects of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency on brain development in children. Food Nutr Bull 29(2_suppl1):S126\u2013S131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15648265080292s117","journal-title":"Food Nutr Bull"},{"issue":"5","key":"4044_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.3945\/an.115.012021","volume":"7","author":"S Venkatramanan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Venkatramanan S, Armata IE, Strupp BJ, Finkelstein JL (2016) Vitamin B-12 and cognition in children. Adv Nutr 7(5):879\u2013888. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/an.115.012021","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"4044_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Troen AM (2012) Folate and vitamin B12: function and importance in cognitive development. Nestle Nutr Inst Workshop Ser 70:161-71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000337684","DOI":"10.1159\/000337684"},{"key":"4044_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saxena R, Gamble MV, Wasserman GA, Liu X, Parvez F, Acien AN, et al. Effects of folate and vitamin B12 nutritional status on cognitive function in Bangladeshi adolescents. ISEE Conference Abstracts. 2021.","DOI":"10.1289\/isee.2021.P-260"},{"issue":"4","key":"4044_CR15","first-page":"452","volume":"21","author":"J Al-Tahan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Al-Tahan J, Gonz\u00e1lez-Gross M, Pietrzik K (2006) B-vitamin status and intake in European adolescents. A review of the literature. Nutr Hosp 21(4):452\u2013465","journal-title":"Nutr Hosp"},{"issue":"5","key":"4044_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.3945\/JN.109.118075","volume":"140","author":"SR Veena","year":"2010","unstructured":"Veena SR, Krishnaveni GV, Srinivasan K, Wills AK, Muthayya S, Kurpad AV et al (2010) Higher maternal plasma folate but not vitamin B-12 concentrations during pregnancy are associated with better cognitive function scores in 9- to 10- year-old children in South India. J Nutr 140(5):1014\u20131022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/JN.109.118075","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"7","key":"4044_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-021-01057-3","volume":"76","author":"DMA O\u2019Connor","year":"2022","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor DMA, Scarlett S, De Looze C, O\u2019Halloran AM, Laird E, Molloy AM et al (2022) Low folate predicts accelerated cognitive decline: 8-year follow-up of 3140 older adults in Ireland. Eur J Clin Nutr 76(7):950\u2013957. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41430-021-01057-3","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"4044_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8020068","volume":"8","author":"DO Kennedy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kennedy DO (2016) B vitamins and the brain: mechanisms, dose and efficacy\u2014a review. Nutrients 8(2):68. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu8020068","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"4","key":"4044_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.06.013","volume":"36","author":"LF Lam","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lam LF, Lawlis TR (2017) Feeding the brain \u2013 the effects of micronutrient interventions on cognitive performance among school-aged children: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr 36(4):1007\u20131014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.06.013","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"4044_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaf280","author":"D Brki\u0107","year":"2026","unstructured":"Brki\u0107 D, Concetti C, R\u00e9mond-Derbez N, Hauser J (2026) Relationship between nutrition, brain, cognition, learning, and behavior in school age children: systematic evidence and future opportunities. Nutr Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaf280","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"4044_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2021.62","volume":"10","author":"B Yilma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yilma B, Endris BS, Mengistu YG, Sisay BG, Gebreyesus SH (2021) Inadequacy of nutrient intake among adolescent girls in south central Ethiopia. J Nutr Sci 10:e90. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/jns.2021.62","journal-title":"J Nutr Sci"},{"key":"4044_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2025.107578","author":"CM McDonald","year":"2025","unstructured":"McDonald CM, Tessema M, Agbemafle I, Woldeyohannes M, Fereja M, Jones KS et al (2025) Inadequate status of multiple B vitamins is common among women in Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Curr Dev Nutr. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cdnut.2025.107578","journal-title":"Curr Dev Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"4044_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-020-01214-3","volume":"19","author":"N Jones","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jones N, Pincock K, Baird S, Yadete W, Hamory HJ (2020) Intersecting inequalities, gender and adolescent health in Ethiopia. Int J Equity Health 19(1):97. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12939-020-01214-3","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"4044_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-024-01455-6","volume":"83","author":"FA Mekonnen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mekonnen FA, Biks GA, Azale T, Mengistu NW (2025) Barriers of eating among rural adolescent girls in Ethiopia: a qualitative study. Arch Public Health 83(1):130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13690-024-01455-6","journal-title":"Arch Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"4044_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-20640-4","volume":"24","author":"FA Yeboah","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yeboah FA, Bioh J, Amoani B, Effah A, Senu E, Mensah OSO et al (2024) Iron deficiency anemia and its association with cognitive function among adolescents in the Ashanti Region-Ghana. BMC Public Health 24(1):3209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-024-20640-4","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"4044_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1019159","volume":"13","author":"GL Iverson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Iverson GL, Iverson IA (2022) Perceived cognitive impairment in high school students in the United States. Front Psychol 13:1019159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1019159","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4044_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44217-025-00575-7","volume":"4","author":"AA Eshetu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Eshetu AA, Alemu S, Mulat A, Abdu A, Gobezie B, Muluken E et al (2025) Examining the gender gap: academic performance disparity in regional and national examinations in Dessie city administration, Ethiopia. Disc Edu 4(1):150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44217-025-00575-7","journal-title":"Disc Edu"},{"key":"4044_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijedudev.2017.10.023","volume":"60","author":"MT Tesema","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tesema MT, Braeken J (2018) Regional inequalities and gender differences in academic achievement as a function of educational opportunities: evidence from Ethiopia. Int J Educ Dev 60:51\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijedudev.2017.10.023","journal-title":"Int J Educ Dev"},{"key":"4044_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nicholas M, James W, Solomon L, Leulsegged K, Abate Gashaw, Shahidur R. The wheat supply chain in Ethiopia: patterns, trends, and policy options. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Science and education. 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.1.3408.7285","DOI":"10.13140\/RG.2.1.3408.7285"},{"key":"4044_CR30","unstructured":"Ethiopian Public Health Institute (2013) Ethiopia national food consumption survey. 2011 Survey."},{"key":"4044_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2025.100463","author":"JB Coomson","year":"2025","unstructured":"Coomson JB, Smith NW, McNabb W (2025) Impacts of food fortification on micronutrient intake and nutritional status of women of reproductive age in Africa\u2013a narrative review. Adv Nutr. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.advnut.2025.100463","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"4044_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/156482651503600101","volume":"36","author":"A Mildon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mildon A, Klaas N, O\u2019Leary M, Yiannakis M (2015) Can fortification be implemented in rural African communities where micronutrient deficiencies are greatest? Lessons from projects in Malawi, Tanzania, and Senegal. Food Nutr Bull 36(1):3\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/156482651503600101","journal-title":"Food Nutr Bull"},{"key":"4044_CR33","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"J Cohen","year":"1969","unstructured":"Cohen J (1969) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Academic Press"},{"issue":"4","key":"4044_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.4.806","volume":"82","author":"Homocysteine Lowering Trialists' Co","year":"2005","unstructured":"Homocysteine Lowering Trialists\u2019 Collaboration (2005) Dose-dependent effects of folic acid on blood concentrations of homocysteine: a meta-analysis of the randomized trials. Am J Clin Nutr 82(4):806\u2013812. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/82.4.806","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"8","key":"4044_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/90.8.519","volume":"90","author":"M Ward","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ward M, McNulty H, McPartlin J, Strain J, Weir D, Scott J (1997) Plasma homocysteine, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is lowered by physiological doses of folic acid. QJM Monthly J Assoc Phys 90(8):519\u2013524. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/qjmed\/90.8.519","journal-title":"QJM Monthly J Assoc Phys"},{"issue":"1","key":"4044_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/77.1.221","volume":"77","author":"EP Quinlivan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Quinlivan EP, Gregory JF III (2003) Effect of food fortification on folic acid intake in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr 77(1):221\u2013225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/77.1.221","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"10","key":"4044_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3166","DOI":"10.1093\/JN\/133.10.3166","volume":"133","author":"E Hertrampf","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hertrampf E, Cort\u00e9s F, Erickson JD, Cayazzo M, Freire W, Bailey LB et al (2003) Consumption of folic acid-fortified bread improves folate status in women of reproductive age in Chile. J Nutr 133(10):3166\u20133169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/JN\/133.10.3166","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"7","key":"4044_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1002\/BDR2.1994","volume":"114","author":"R Pardo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pardo R, Vilca M, Villarroel L, Davalji T, Obrycki JF, Mazumdar M et al (2022) Neural tube defects prevalence does not increase after modification of the folic acid fortification program in Chile. Birth Defects Res 114(7):259\u2013266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/BDR2.1994","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res"},{"key":"4044_CR39","unstructured":"Great Britain. Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Nutrition Policy (2000) Folic acid and the prevention of diseases: Report of the Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy. Stationery Office."},{"key":"4044_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JPEDS.2020.07.002","volume":"226","author":"JH Dean","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dean JH, Pauly R, Stevenson RE (2020) Neural tube defects and associated anomalies before and after folic acid fortification. J Pediatr 226:186\u201394.e4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JPEDS.2020.07.002","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"4044_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2019.100076","volume":"5","author":"YM Hemery","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hemery YM, Fontan L, Laillou A, Jallier V, Moench-Pfanner R, Avallone S et al (2020) Influence of storage conditions and packaging of fortified wheat flour on microbial load and stability of folate and vitamin B12. Food Chem X 5:100076. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fochx.2019.100076","journal-title":"Food Chem X"},{"key":"4044_CR42","unstructured":"Philar R, Johnson Q (2005) Small scale mill fortification manual. The Micronutrient Initiative. Ottawa,Canada."},{"key":"4044_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12497","volume":"1324","author":"FT Wieringa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wieringa FT, Laillou A, Guyondet C, Jallier V, Moench-Pfanner R, Berger J (2014) Stability and retention of micronutrients in fortified rice prepared using different cooking methods. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1324:40\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nyas.12497","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"4044_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2020.103703","volume":"96","author":"SR Bajaj","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bajaj SR, Singhal RS (2021) Fortification of wheat flour and oil with vitamins B12 and D3: effect of processing and storage. J Food Compos Anal 96:103703. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfca.2020.103703","journal-title":"J Food Compos Anal"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"4044_CR45","first-page":"75","volume":"55","author":"N Negussu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Negussu N, Mengistu B, Kebede B, Deribe K, Ejigu E, Tadesse G et al (2017) Ethiopia schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthes control programme: progress and prospects. Ethiop Med J 55(Suppl 1):75","journal-title":"Ethiop Med J"},{"key":"4044_CR46","unstructured":"FMoH (2016) Second edition of Ethiopia national master plan for neglected tropical diseases. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"},{"key":"4044_CR47","unstructured":"WHO. Eliminating soil-transmitted helminthiases as a public health problem in children. Progress report 2001\u22122010 and strategic plan 2011\u22122020. 2012. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland."},{"key":"4044_CR48","volume-title":"Standard treatment guidelines for general hospital","author":"FMHACA","year":"2014","unstructured":"FMHACA (2014) Standard treatment guidelines for general hospital. Food, Medicine and Health Care Administration and Control Authority, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"},{"key":"4044_CR49","unstructured":"FMoH (2022) National malaria guideline. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"},{"key":"4044_CR50","unstructured":"CSA. Central Statistical Agency\/Ethiopia, ICF International (2017) Ethiopia demographic and health survey 2016. Central Statistical Agency\/Ethiopia and ICF International, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia."},{"key":"4044_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coates J, Swindale A, Bilinsky P (2007). Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) for Measurement of Food Access: Indicator Guide (v. 3). Washington, D.C.: Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project (FANTA), Academy for Educational Development.","DOI":"10.1037\/e576842013-001"},{"issue":"1","key":"4044_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2055-0928-1-2\/FIGURES\/3","volume":"1","author":"SH Gebreyesus","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gebreyesus SH, Lunde T, Mariam DH, Woldehanna T, Lindtj\u00f8rn B (2015) Is the adapted Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) developed internationally to measure food insecurity valid in urban and rural households of Ethiopia? BMC Nutrition 1(1):1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/2055-0928-1-2\/FIGURES\/3","journal-title":"BMC Nutrition"},{"key":"4044_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"FAO (2021) Minimum dietary diversity for women. Rome, Italy. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4060\/cb3434en","DOI":"10.4060\/cb3434en"},{"key":"4044_CR54","unstructured":"National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (2007) Anthropometry procedures manual."},{"key":"4044_CR55","unstructured":"WHO (2014) Vitamin and mineral nutrition information system (VMNIS). Accessed 03\/11 2022. https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/nutrition-and-food-safety\/databases\/vitamin-and-mineral-nutrition-information-system"},{"key":"4044_CR56","unstructured":"WHO (2019) Bench aids for the diagnosis of intestinal parasites. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland."},{"key":"4044_CR57","unstructured":"WHO (2013) Assessing the efficacy of anthelminthic drugs against schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland."},{"key":"4044_CR58","unstructured":"Tariku EZ, Sorrie MB, Leavitt VM, Demuyakor ME, Gutema BT, Egata G, et al. Feasibility and reliability of a multidomain cognitive battery for assessing cognitive functions in adolescent girls in Ethiopia: A pilot study. PLoS One. 2026; submitted."},{"issue":"2","key":"4044_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e217","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30354-0","volume":"5","author":"EL Prado","year":"2017","unstructured":"Prado EL, Sebayang SK, Apriatni M, Adawiyah SR, Hidayati N, Islamiyah A et al (2017) Maternal multiple micronutrient supplementation and other biomedical and socioenvironmental influences on children\u2019s cognition at age 9 and 12 years in Indonesia: follow-up of the SUMMIT randomised trial. Lancet Glob Health 5(2):e217\u2013e228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30354-0","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"4044_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adu-Afarwuah S, Arnold C, Hastings P, Dewey K, Adjetey E, Amponsah B, et al. Cognitive outcomes at age 9\u201311 years of children who received pre-and post-natal small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements in a randomized controlled trial in Ghana. Current developments in nutrition 2023.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2023.100898"},{"issue":"2","key":"4044_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2023.11.005","volume":"119","author":"BT Gutema","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gutema BT, Levecke B, Sorrie MB, Megersa ND, Zewdie TH, Yesera GE et al (2024) Effectiveness of intermittent iron and high-dose vitamin A supplementation on cognitive development of school children in southern Ethiopia: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 119(2):470\u2013484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2023.11.005","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"4044_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12546","volume":"14","author":"EL Prado","year":"2018","unstructured":"Prado EL, Ashorn U, Phuka J, Maleta K, Sadalaki J, Oaks BM et al (2018) Associations of maternal nutrition during pregnancy and post-partum with maternal cognition and caregiving. Matern Child Nutr 14(2):e12546. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mcn.12546","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"4044_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1080\/13854049608406666","volume":"10","author":"D Schretlen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Schretlen D, Bobholz JH, Brandt J (1996) Development and psychometric properties of the brief test of attention. Clin Neuropsychol 10(1):80\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854049608406666","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4044_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.3233\/nre-151282","volume":"37","author":"J Arango-Lasprilla","year":"2015","unstructured":"Arango-Lasprilla J, Rivera D, Rodr\u00edguez G, Garza M, Galarza-Del-Angel J, Rodr\u00edguez W et al (2015) Symbol digit modalities test: normative data for the Latin American Spanish speaking adult population. NeuroRehabil 37(4):625\u2013638. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/nre-151282","journal-title":"NeuroRehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"4044_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.8.2.145","volume":"8","author":"RH Benedict","year":"1996","unstructured":"Benedict RH, Schretlen D, Groninger L, Dobraski M, Shpritz B (1996) Revision of the brief visuospatial memory test: studies of normal performance, reliability, and validity. Psychol Assess 8(2):145. https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/doi\/10.1037\/1040-3590.8.2.145","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"4044_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585251366096","author":"VM Leavitt","year":"2025","unstructured":"Leavitt VM, Simani L, Koch M, Morrow SA, Heuer L, Roozbeh M et al (2025) The language and memory test: a brief multidomain digital cognitive measure for multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13524585251366096","journal-title":"Mult Scler J"},{"issue":"2","key":"4044_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","volume":"42","author":"PA Harris","year":"2009","unstructured":"Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG (2009) A metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform 42(2):377\u2013381","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"4044_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208","volume":"95","author":"PA Harris","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harris PA, Taylor R, Minor BL, Elliott V, Fernandez M, O\u2019Neal L et al (2019) The REDCap consortium: building an international community of software platform partners. J Biomed Inform 95:103208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"issue":"3","key":"4044_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jamiaopen\/ooab078","volume":"4","author":"PA Harris","year":"2021","unstructured":"Harris PA, Delacqua G, Taylor R, Pearson S, Fernandez M, Duda SN (2021) The REDCap mobile application: a data collection platform for research in regions or situations with internet scarcity. JAMIA Open 4(3):ooab078. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jamiaopen\/ooab078","journal-title":"JAMIA Open"},{"key":"4044_CR70","unstructured":"Gupta S. Guidelines for incorporating dietary diversity metrics in agriculture- nutrition surveys: operational manual for using dietary diversity indicators in field research.: ARINA Center of Excellence, Tata-Cornell Institute for Agriculture and Nutrition. New Delhi, India; 2016."},{"key":"4044_CR71","unstructured":"WHO (2009). WHO AnthroPlus for personal computers manual: software for assessing growth of the world\u2019s children and adolescents. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland."},{"key":"4044_CR72","unstructured":"WHO (2024). Guideline on haemoglobin cutoffs to define anaemia in individuals and populations. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland."},{"issue":"4","key":"4044_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.112.166165","volume":"143","author":"CT Nguyen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nguyen CT, Gracely EJ, Lee BK (2013) Serum folate but not vitamin B-12 concentrations are positively associated with cognitive test scores in children aged 6\u201316 years. J Nutr 143(4):500\u2013504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/jn.112.166165","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"4044_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.3.762","volume":"72","author":"MW Louwman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Louwman MW, van Dusseldorp M, van de Vijver FJ, Thomas CM, Schneede J, Ueland PM et al (2000) Signs of impaired cognitive function in adolescents with marginal cobalamin status. Am J Clin Nutr 72(3):762\u2013769. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/72.3.762","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"03","key":"4044_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1557461","volume":"6","author":"R Masalha","year":"2008","unstructured":"Masalha R, Afawi Z, Mahajnah M, Mashal A, Hallak M, Alsaied I et al (2008) The impact of nutritional vitamin B12, folate and hemoglobin deficiency on school performance of elementary school children. J Pediatr Neurol 6(03):243\u2013248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0035-1557461","journal-title":"J Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4044_CR76","first-page":"137","volume":"46","author":"A Sen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sen A, Kanani SJ (2009) Impact of iron-folic acid supplementation on cognitive abilities of school girls in Vadodara. Indian Pediatr 46(2):137\u2013143","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"issue":"10","key":"4044_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0002079","volume":"3","author":"Y Bahati","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bahati Y, Nyanza EC, Asori M, Mutayoba R, Thomas DS (2023) Influence of intermittent iron and folic acid supplementation on cognitive abilities among adolescent girls in northwestern Tanzania. PLoS Glob Public Health 3(10):e0002079. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0002079","journal-title":"PLoS Glob Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"4044_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-084033","volume":"14","author":"S Kedir","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kedir S, Abate KH, Mohammed B, Ademe BW (2024) Weekly iron-folic acid supplementation and its impact on children and adolescents iron status, mental health and school performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis in sub-Saharan Africa. BMJ Open 14(6):e084033. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-084033","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"11","key":"4044_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13656","volume":"26","author":"JR Pozuelo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pozuelo JR, Kilford EJ (2021) Adolescent health series: adolescent neurocognitive development in Western and Sub\u2010Saharan African contexts. Trop Med Int Health 26(11):1333\u20131344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tmi.13656","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"4044_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.70288","volume":"62","author":"VM Leavitt","year":"2025","unstructured":"Leavitt VM, Simani L, Koch MW, Morrow SA, Heuer L, Roozbeh M et al (2025) The language and memory test: multinational feasibility study of a digital test to measure cognitive change. Eur J Neurosci 62(10):e70288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ejn.70288","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"4044_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.15.04257","volume":"15","author":"V Sideropoulos","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sideropoulos V, Draper A, Munoz-Chereau B, Ang L, Dockrell JE (2025) Childhood stunting and cognitive development: a meta-analysis. J Glob Health 15:04257","journal-title":"J Glob Health"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00394-026-04044-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00394-026-04044-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00394-026-04044-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T13:14:59Z","timestamp":1787058899000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00394-026-04044-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["4044"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00394-026-04044-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1436-6207","1436-6215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1436-6207","type":"print"},{"value":"1436-6215","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflicts of interest related to this work.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Ghent University Hospital, Belgium (ONZ-2023\u20130137) and the National Research Ethics Review Board of the Ministry of Education, Ethiopia (17\/246\/176\/23). Permission to conduct the study was obtained from the relevant district administrations and district health and education offices, as well as from all participating schools. Written informed consent was obtained from parents or guardians and from participants aged\u2009\u2265\u200918 years, while written assent was obtained from girls younger than 18 years prior to study enrolment.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"197"}}