{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:12:31Z","timestamp":1792782751523,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Bergen","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03zga2b32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ageing is associated with a decline in gastrointestinal (GI) functions, but data on GI symptoms in older adults remain limited. This study assessed the prevalence of GI symptoms, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and faecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in older adults, and associations between GI symptoms and faecal SCFAs, dietary intake, and BMI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>907 older adults (66\u201369\u00a0years, 50.7% females) from the community-based Hordaland Health Study 3\u2009\u2212\u2009Microbiota study were included. GI symptoms and IBS status were assessed by validated questionnaires (Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale, Rome IV-criteria, IBS-Severity Scoring System), dietary intake by a 279-item food frequency questionnaire, and the concentration of SCFAs were measured from faecal samples.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      33.9% experienced at least one GI symptom, 16.4% reported IBS-like symptoms, and 5.0% had IBS according to Rome IV-criteria. Indigestion was the most common GI symptom (24.2%). Females had a higher total mean score of GI symptoms (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.021), with higher frequencies of constipation (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.006) and abdominal pain (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.031), compared to males. Males had higher concentration of total faecal SCFAs (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.004) and all major SCFAs compared to females. Total faecal SCFAs were negatively associated with constipation, independently of dietary fibre intake, total energy intake, sex and BMI (B\u2009=\u2009\u2009\u2212\u20090.006, 95% CI [\u2212\u20090.009,\u2009\u2212\u20090.004],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). We observed a positive correlation between total faecal SCFA concentrations and diarrhoea (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.072,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.039) and looser stool consistency (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.185,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001); however, these associations did not persist in the regression analyses. All GI symptoms positively correlated with increasing BMI.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GI symptoms are common in older adults, and IBS is at least as prevalent as observed in the general adult population. Improving dietary habits and preventing overweight and obesity may reduce the risk of GI symptoms and improve gut health in older adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-026-04077-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T12:42:20Z","timestamp":1786020140000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gastrointestinal symptoms, faecal short-chain fatty acids and dietary intake in older adults: the Hordaland Health Study 3"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9127-0288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tilde","family":"Martinsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2714-711X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9710-7733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan Gunnar","family":"Hatlebakk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7193-7069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f8rgen","family":"Valeur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4885-1010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ottar","family":"Nyg\u00e5rd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1827-5008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00fclen Arslan","family":"Lied","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"4077_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024) Ageing and health fact sheet. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/ageing-and-health. Accessed 28 May 2024"},{"issue":"2","key":"4077_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.18679","volume":"72","author":"J Busby-Whitehead","year":"2024","unstructured":"Busby-Whitehead J, Whitehead WE, Sperber AD, Palsson OS, Simr\u00e9n M (2024) The aging gut: symptoms compatible with disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI) in older adults in the general population. J Am Geriatr Soc 72(2):479\u2013489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgs.18679","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"4077_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6757524","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6757524","volume":"2019","author":"I Dumic","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dumic I, Nordin T, Jecmenica M, Stojkovic Lalosevic M, Milosavljevic T, Milovanovic T (2019) Gastrointestinal tract disorders in older age. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019:6757524. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/6757524","journal-title":"Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"4077_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-016-0244-z","volume":"16","author":"S Algilani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Algilani S, \u00d6stlund-Lagerstr\u00f6m L, Schoultz I, Brummer RJ, Kihlgren A (2016) Increasing the qualitative understanding of optimal functionality in older adults: a focus group based study. BMC Geriatr 16:70. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-016-0244-z","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"4077_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/164_2016_118","volume":"239","author":"B Greenwood-Van Meerveld","year":"2017","unstructured":"Greenwood-Van Meerveld B, Johnson AC, Grundy D (2017) Gastrointestinal physiology and function. Handb Exp Pharmacol 239:1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/164_2016_118","journal-title":"Handb Exp Pharmacol"},{"key":"4077_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124337","author":"NM Cristina","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cristina NM, Lucia D (2021) Nutrition and healthy aging: prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. Nutrients. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13124337","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"4077_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-020-00213-w","volume":"18","author":"E Ragonnaud","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ragonnaud E, Biragyn A (2021) Gut microbiota as the key controllers of \u201chealthy\u201d aging of elderly people. Immun Ageing 18(1):2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12979-020-00213-w","journal-title":"Immun Ageing"},{"key":"4077_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01385","volume":"8","author":"F Fransen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fransen F, van Beek AA, Borghuis T, Aidy SE, Hugenholtz F, van der Gaast-de Jongh C, Savelkoul HFJ, De Jonge MI, Boekschoten MV, Smidt H, Faas MM, de Vos P (2017) Aged gut microbiota contributes to systemical inflammaging after transfer to germ-free mice. Front Immunol 8:1385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01385","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"4077_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afac328","author":"B Dugan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dugan B, Conway J, Duggal NA (2023) Inflammaging as a target for healthy ageing. Age Ageing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ageing\/afac328","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"45","key":"4077_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6681","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i45.6681","volume":"25","author":"A Zhao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhao A, Wang MC, Szeto IM, Meng LP, Wang Y, Li T, Zhang YM (2019) Gastrointestinal discomforts and dietary intake in Chinese urban elders: a cross-sectional study in eight cities of China. World J Gastroenterol 25(45):6681\u20136692. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v25.i45.6681","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"4077_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.3390\/gastroent13040035","volume":"13","author":"FFLT Fart","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fart FFLT, Engelheart S, Lindqvist CM, Brummer RJ, Kihlgren A, Schoultz I (2022) Gut health and its association with wellbeing and nutrient intake in community-dwelling older adults. Gastroenterol Insights 13:349\u2013364","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Insights"},{"key":"4077_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191710569","author":"R S\u00e1mano","year":"2022","unstructured":"S\u00e1mano R, Esparza-Ju\u00e1rez F, Chico-Barba G, Gonz\u00e1lez-Medina E, S\u00e1nchez-Jim\u00e9nez B, Hern\u00e1ndez-Trejo M (2022) Association of diet, body mass index, and lifestyle on the gastrointestinal health risk in a sample of adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph191710569","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"4077_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729346","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.729346","volume":"11","author":"L Xiao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xiao L, Liu Q, Luo M, Xiong L (2021) Gut microbiota-derived metabolites in irritable bowel syndrome. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 11:729346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.729346","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"10263","key":"4077_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31548-8","volume":"396","author":"AC Ford","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ford AC, Sperber AD, Corsetti M, Camilleri M (2020) Irritable bowel syndrome. Lancet 396(10263):1675\u20131688. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31548-8","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"4077_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30217-X","volume":"5","author":"P Oka","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oka P, Parr H, Barberio B, Black CJ, Savarino EV, Ford AC (2020) Global prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome according to Rome III or IV criteria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 5(10):908\u2013917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30217-X","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"4077_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2022.2028005","author":"SG Johansen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Johansen SG, Ness-Jensen E (2022) The changes in prevalence and risk of irritable bowel syndrome over time in a population-based cohort, the HUNT study, Norway. Scand J Gastroenterol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00365521.2022.2028005","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"7","key":"4077_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2008.02.058","volume":"6","author":"SJ Shepherd","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shepherd SJ, Parker FC, Muir JG, Gibson PR (2008) Dietary triggers of abdominal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: randomized placebo-controlled evidence. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 6(7):765\u2013771. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2008.02.058","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4077_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0061-2","volume":"16","author":"N Zmora","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zmora N, Suez J, Elinav E (2019) You are what you eat: diet, health and the gut microbiota. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 16(1):35\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41575-018-0061-2","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4077_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-018-2943-4","volume":"76","author":"A Adak","year":"2019","unstructured":"Adak A, Khan MR (2019) An insight into gut microbiota and its functionalities. Cell Mol Life Sci 76(3):473\u2013493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00018-018-2943-4","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"4077_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G896","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00237.2017","volume":"315","author":"AD Vincent","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vincent AD, Wang XY, Parsons SP, Khan WI, Huizinga JD (2018) Abnormal absorptive colonic motor activity in germ-free mice is rectified by butyrate, an effect possibly mediated by mucosal serotonin. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 315(5):G896-g907. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpgi.00237.2017","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4077_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15280\/jlm.2018.8.1.1","volume":"8","author":"J Choi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Choi J, Hur TY, Hong Y (2018) Influence of altered gut microbiota composition on aging and aging-related diseases. J Lifestyle Med 8(1):1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15280\/jlm.2018.8.1.1","journal-title":"J Lifestyle Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"4077_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/bf01535722","volume":"33","author":"J Svedlund","year":"1988","unstructured":"Svedlund J, Sj\u00f6din I, Dotevall G (1988) GSRS\u2013a clinical rating scale for gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and peptic ulcer disease. Dig Dis Sci 33(2):129\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf01535722","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"4077_CR23","unstructured":"Rome IV Criteria (2016). https:\/\/theromefoundation.org\/rome-iv\/rome-iv-criteria\/. Acessed 01 Nov 2023"},{"issue":"2","key":"4077_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm16214","volume":"23","author":"MJ Schmulson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schmulson MJ, Drossman DA (2017) What is new in Rome IV. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 23(2):151\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5056\/jnm16214","journal-title":"J Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"issue":"9","key":"4077_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529709011203","volume":"32","author":"SJ Lewis","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lewis SJ, Heaton KW (1997) Stool form scale as a useful guide to intestinal transit time. Scand J Gastroenterol 32(9):920\u2013924. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/00365529709011203","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4077_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1997.142318000.x","volume":"11","author":"CY Francis","year":"1997","unstructured":"Francis CY, Morris J, Whorwell PJ (1997) The irritable bowel severity scoring system: a simple method of monitoring irritable bowel syndrome and its progress. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 11(2):395\u2013402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1997.142318000.x","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"4077_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.1984.12005738","volume":"19","author":"T H\u00f8verstad","year":"1984","unstructured":"H\u00f8verstad T, Fausa O, Bj\u00f8rneklett A, B\u00f8hmer T (1984) Short-chain fatty acids in the normal human feces. Scand J Gastroenterol 19(3):375\u2013381","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4077_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(77)90312-6","volume":"78","author":"JB Zijlstra","year":"1977","unstructured":"Zijlstra JB, Beukema J, Wolthers BG, Byrne BM, Groen A, Dankert J (1977) Pretreatment methods prior to gaschromatographic analysis of volatile fatty acids from faecal samples. Clin Chim Acta 78(2):243\u2013250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0009-8981(77)90312-6","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"issue":"12","key":"4077_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114517003178","volume":"118","author":"AC Medin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Medin AC, Carlsen MH, Hambly C, Speakman JR, Strohmaier S, Andersen LF (2017) The validity of a web-based FFQ assessed by doubly labelled water and multiple 24-h recalls. Br J Nutr 118(12):1106\u20131117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0007114517003178","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"4077_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e98","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2022.97","volume":"11","author":"Z Sabir","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sabir Z, Rosendahl-Riise H, Dierkes J, Dahl H, Hjart\u00e5ker A (2022) Comparison of dietary intake measured by a web-based FFQ and repeated 24-hour dietary recalls: the Hordaland Health Study. J Nutr Sci 11:e98. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/jns.2022.97","journal-title":"J Nutr Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"4077_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10070873","volume":"10","author":"H Rosendahl-Riise","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rosendahl-Riise H, Sulo G, Karlsson T, Drevon CA, Dierkes J, Tell GS (2018) The limited benefit of fish consumption on risk of hip fracture among men in the community-based Hordaland Health Study. Nutrients 10(7):873. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu10070873","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"4077_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1220S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/65.4.1220S","volume":"65","author":"WC Willett","year":"1997","unstructured":"Willett WC, Howe GR, Kushi LH (1997) Adjustment for total energy intake in epidemiologic studies. Am J Clin Nutr 65(4 Suppl):1220S-1228S. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/65.4.1220S","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"4077_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14173506","author":"M Sang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sang M, Wu T, Zhou X, Horowitz M, Jones KL, Qiu S, Guo H, Wang B, Wang D, Rayner CK, Sun Z (2022) Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms in Chinese community-dwelling adults with and without diabetes. Nutrients. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14173506","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"4","key":"4077_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2011.04.100272","volume":"24","author":"L Leung","year":"2011","unstructured":"Leung L, Riutta T, Kotecha J, Rosser W (2011) Chronic constipation: an evidence-based review. J Am Board Fam Med 24(4):436\u2013451. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3122\/jabfm.2011.04.100272","journal-title":"J Am Board Fam Med"},{"key":"4077_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.2147\/cia.s8100","volume":"5","author":"SS Rao","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rao SS, Go JT (2010) Update on the management of constipation in the elderly: new treatment options. Clin Interv Aging 5:163\u2013171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/cia.s8100","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"issue":"9","key":"4077_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2012.01467.x","volume":"13","author":"BD Darnall","year":"2012","unstructured":"Darnall BD, Stacey BR, Chou R (2012) Medical and psychological risks and consequences of long-term opioid therapy in women. Pain Med 13(9):1181\u20131211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2012.01467.x","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"4077_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1097\/yco.0000000000000337","volume":"30","author":"M Serdarevic","year":"2017","unstructured":"Serdarevic M, Striley CW, Cottler LB (2017) Sex differences in prescription opioid use. Curr Opin Psychiatry 30(4):238\u2013246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/yco.0000000000000337","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"4077_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm20208","volume":"27","author":"K Yoon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yoon K, Kim N (2021) Roles of sex hormones and gender in the gut microbiota. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 27(3):314\u2013325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5056\/jnm20208","journal-title":"J Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"issue":"3","key":"4077_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0027322","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00273-22","volume":"7","author":"BA Peters","year":"2022","unstructured":"Peters BA, Lin J, Qi Q, Usyk M, Isasi CR, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, Derby CA, Santoro N, Perreira KM, Daviglus ML, Kominiarek MA, Cai J, Knight R, Burk RD, Kaplan RC (2022) Menopause is associated with an altered gut microbiome and estrobolome, with implications for adverse cardiometabolic risk in the Hispanic Community Health Study\/Study of Latinos. mSystems 7(3):e0027322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/msystems.00273-22","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"issue":"7","key":"4077_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2012.02.029","volume":"10","author":"RM Lovell","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lovell RM, Ford AC (2012) Global prevalence of and risk factors for irritable bowel syndrome: a meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 10(7):712\u2013721. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2012.02.029","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4077_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520500442542","volume":"41","author":"PO Vandvik","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vandvik PO, Lydersen S, Farup PG (2006) Prevalence, comorbidity and impact of irritable bowel syndrome in Norway. Scand J Gastroenterol 41(6):650\u2013656. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00365520500442542","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"10","key":"4077_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2009.03.011","volume":"41","author":"A Agrawal","year":"2009","unstructured":"Agrawal A, Khan MH, Whorwell PJ (2009) Irritable bowel syndrome in the elderly: an overlooked problem? Dig Liver Dis 41(10):721\u2013724. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dld.2009.03.011","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"4077_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2013.827047","volume":"32","author":"N Salazar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Salazar N, L\u00f3pez P, Vald\u00e9s L, Margolles A, Su\u00e1rez A, Patterson AM, Cuervo A, de los Reyes-Gavil\u00e1n CG, Ruas-Madiedo P, Gonzalez S, Gueimonde M (2013) Microbial targets for the development of functional foods accordingly with nutritional and immune parameters altered in the elderly. J Am Coll Nutr 32(6):399\u2013406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07315724.2013.827047","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"issue":"10","key":"4077_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6113","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.70.10.6113-6122.2004","volume":"70","author":"EJ Woodmansey","year":"2004","unstructured":"Woodmansey EJ, McMurdo ME, Macfarlane GT, Macfarlane S (2004) Comparison of compositions and metabolic activities of fecal microbiotas in young adults and in antibiotic-treated and non-antibiotic-treated elderly subjects. Appl Environ Microbiol 70(10):6113\u20136122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.70.10.6113-6122.2004","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"4077_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081765","author":"N Salazar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Salazar N, Arboleya S, Fern\u00e1ndez-Navarro T, de Los Reyes-Gavil\u00e1n CG, Gonzalez S, Gueimonde M (2019) Age-associated changes in gut microbiota and dietary components related with the immune system in adulthood and old age: a cross-sectional study. Nutrients. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu11081765","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"4077_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.04.014","volume":"160","author":"AD Sperber","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sperber AD, Bangdiwala SI, Drossman DA, Ghoshal UC, Simren M, Tack J, Whitehead WE, Dumitrascu DL, Fang X, Fukudo S, Kellow J, Okeke E, Quigley EMM, Schmulson M, Whorwell P, Archampong T, Adibi P, Andresen V, Benninga MA, Bonaz B, Bor S, Fernandez LB, Choi SC, Corazziari ES, Francisconi C, Hani A, Lazebnik L, Lee YY, Mulak A, Rahman MM, Santos J, Setshedi M, Syam AF, Vanner S, Wong RK, Lopez-Colombo A, Costa V, Dickman R, Kanazawa M, Keshteli AH, Khatun R, Maleki I, Poitras P, Pratap N, Stefanyuk O, Thomson S, Zeevenhooven J, Palsson OS (2021) Worldwide prevalence and burden of functional gastrointestinal disorders, results of Rome Foundation global study. Gastroenterology 160(1):99-114.e113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.04.014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"5","key":"4077_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.09.071","volume":"130","author":"L Chang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chang L, Toner BB, Fukudo S, Guthrie E, Locke GR, Norton NJ, Sperber AD (2006) Gender, age, society, culture, and the patient\u2019s perspective in the functional gastrointestinal disorders. Gastroenterology 130(5):1435\u20131446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.09.071","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"4","key":"4077_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.10.004","volume":"96","author":"SP Narayanan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Narayanan SP, Anderson B, Bharucha AE (2021) Sex- and gender-related differences in common functional gastroenterologic disorders. Mayo Clin Proc 96(4):1071\u20131089. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.10.004","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"4","key":"4077_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.00229.x","volume":"16","author":"AJ Barsky","year":"2001","unstructured":"Barsky AJ, Peekna HM, Borus JF (2001) Somatic symptom reporting in women and men. J Gen Intern Med 16(4):266\u2013275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.00229.x","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"4077_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.046607","volume":"97","author":"HM Chen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen HM, Yu YN, Wang JL, Lin YW, Kong X, Yang CQ, Yang L, Liu ZJ, Yuan YZ, Liu F, Wu JX, Zhong L, Fang DC, Zou W, Fang JY (2013) Decreased dietary fiber intake and structural alteration of gut microbiota in patients with advanced colorectal adenoma. Am J Clin Nutr 97(5):1044\u20131052. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.112.046607","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"10","key":"4077_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/s1542-3565(05)00696-8","volume":"3","author":"RL Levy","year":"2005","unstructured":"Levy RL, Linde JA, Feld KA, Crowell MD, Jeffery RW (2005) The association of gastrointestinal symptoms with weight, diet, and exercise in weight-loss program participants. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 3(10):992\u2013996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1542-3565(05)00696-8","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4077_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.40100.x","volume":"100","author":"MP Caldarella","year":"2005","unstructured":"Caldarella MP, Milano A, Laterza F, Sacco F, Balatsinou C, Lapenna D, Pierdomenico SD, Cuccurullo F, Neri M (2005) Visceral sensitivity and symptoms in patients with constipation- or diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): effect of a low-fat intraduodenal infusion. Am J Gastroenterol 100(2):383\u2013389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.40100.x","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4077_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyg108","volume":"32","author":"L Murray","year":"2003","unstructured":"Murray L, Johnston B, Lane A, Harvey I, Donovan J, Nair P, Harvey R (2003) Relationship between body mass and gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms: the Bristol Helicobacter Project. Int J Epidemiol 32(4):645\u2013650. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyg108","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4077_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.47.1.26","volume":"47","author":"J Lagergren","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lagergren J, Bergstr\u00f6m R, Nyr\u00e9n O (2000) No relation between body mass and gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms in a Swedish population based study. Gut 47(1):26\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.47.1.26","journal-title":"Gut"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00394-026-04077-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00394-026-04077-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00394-026-04077-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T13:31:30Z","timestamp":1790602290000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00394-026-04077-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["4077"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00394-026-04077-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1436-6207","1436-6215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1436-6207","type":"print"},{"value":"1436-6215","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Hordaland Health Study 3\u2014Part 2 Microbiota study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics of Western Norway (2018\/329\/REC West). All subjects provided written informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"230"}}