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This aetiological study examined associations between dietary vitamin K1 and K2 with incident dementia in a large Danish cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included 54,968 dementia-free participants (47.5% male, aged 50\u201365 years) from the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health cohort (1993\u20131997) with dietary vitamin K1 (\u00b5g\/day), and K2 (\u00b5g phylloquinone equivalent\/day) intakes estimated from a 192-item food frequency questionnaire. Incident and early-onset dementia were identified through national registries. Cox proportional hazard models with restricted cubic splines estimated hazard ratios (HR) across quintiles of intake, adjusting for demographic, lifestyle, dietary factors, and prevalent comorbidities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Over a maximum of 28 years of follow-up (median [IQR]: 25.5 [16.1\u201326.5] years), 4802 (8.7%) participants developed dementia. Vitamin K1 intake showed an inverse association with dementia, with a 14% lower rate in quintile (Q) 5 versus Q1 (HR\n                      <jats:sub>Q5vsQ1<\/jats:sub>\n                      [95%CI]: 0.86 [0.78\u20130.93]). The association was stronger for early-onset dementia (&lt;\u200965 years). In contrast, vitamin K2 intake was associated with higher dementia risk, whereby those with the highest intakes had 14% higher rate (HR\n                      <jats:sub>Q5vsQ1<\/jats:sub>\n                      [95%CI]: 1.14 [1.04\u20131.24]).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher vitamin K1 intake was associated with lower dementia risk, while higher K2 intake was associated with higher risk. These associations may be confounded by dietary patterns and food sources associated with each vitamin form and warrant further investigations. Nevertheless, greater intake of vitamin K1-rich vegetables (e.g. spinach, cabbages, broccoli, etc.) as part of broader dietary patterns may be relevant to cognitive health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-026-04081-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T12:09:17Z","timestamp":1786018157000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations between dietary vitamin K1 and K2 intake and incident dementia: findings from the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health cohort"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2753-4128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Negar","family":"Ghasemifard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5166-0605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Sim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5815-5927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pratik","family":"Pokharel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengfeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allan","family":"Linneberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Ahrendt","family":"Bjerregaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina C.","family":"Dahm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6821-5217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Radavelli-Bagatini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4355-7082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon M.","family":"Laws","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua R.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan M.","family":"Hodgson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola P.","family":"Bondonno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"4081_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e105","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00249-8","volume":"7","author":"E Nichols","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nichols E, Steinmetz JD, Vollset SE, Fukutaki K, Chalek J, Abd-Allah F et al (2022) Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. 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