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Anthropometric measurements as well as IGF-1-, and IGFBP-3-serum concentrations were compared between dietary groups using optimal 1:3 pair matching (from the age of 10).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Vegan children were shorter than vegetarians after adjustment for pubertal status (\u03b2 = \u22120.59,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.006) but the height of vegetarians was not different from omnivores. Vegans showed lower BMI-SDS than vegetarians, most prominently in the TS-adjusted model (\u03b2 = \u22121.01,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.009). Omnivores had the highest BMI-SDS (0.32 SDS). Vegans had lower IGF-1 levels than vegetarians and omnivores in the age-adjusted model (\u00df = \u22120.52,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.031). Vegetarians exhibited lower IGF-1 concentrations than omnivores in age- and TS- adjusted models. Vegans showed significantly lower IGFBP-3-SDS than vegetarians in TS-adjusted models (\u03b2 = \u22120.75,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.042). IGFBP-3 values were lower in vegetarians than in omnivores after adjustment for age (\u03b2 = \u22120.18,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.005).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children following a vegan diet are significantly smaller and have a lower BMI than their peers. Both, vegetarian and vegan diets are associated with lower BMIs and lower IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 values. These findings highlight the potential relevance of dietary composition for growth childhood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>LIFE Child is registered with Clinical Trials.gov (NCT02550236) since October 2010. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT02550236.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-026-04085-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T12:23:51Z","timestamp":1788006231000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Growth parameters and IGF-1 axis biomarkers differ among omnivorous, vegetarian, and vegan children"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Inola E.","family":"Allner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4118-9455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wieland","family":"Kiess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2679-5425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Kratzsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2051-1249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mandy","family":"Vogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"4085_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McLean CP, Chen Z, Song R et al (2024) Development and preliminary validation of a novel eating disorder screening tool for vegetarians and vegans: the V-EDS. 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