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In addition to wheat allergy and celiac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) has been proposed as a clinical entity. Despite persistent symptoms, many affected individuals continue to consume wheat-containing foods. We aimed to investigate the impact of replacing wheat-based foods with gluten-reduced foods, specifically yellow pea pasta (YPP), bread (YPB), and chips (YPC), on the abdominal symptoms, quality of life (QOL), and gut microbiota in healthy individuals who habitually consume wheat frequently.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty men and women aged 18\u201364\u00a0years with habitual high wheat intake were enrolled and divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of abdominal symptoms. Participants followed a 4-week gluten-reduced diet intervention using YPP, YPB, and YPC. Abdominal symptoms, QOL, gut microbiota, and selected blood biomarkers were evaluated before and after the intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The intervention led to significant improvement in abdominal distension, abdominal pain or discomfort, feeling of incomplete evacuation\n                      <jats:bold>,<\/jats:bold>\n                      hard stools, and urgent need for defecation. Baseline QOL differences between groups were no longer evident. Analysis of gut microbiota revealed maintenance and\/or an increase in short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria, with significant correlations observed between specific bacterial shifts and symptom improvement.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Yellow pea\u2013based products (YPP, YPB, and YPC) may represent a promising dietary strategy for alleviating abdominal symptoms in individuals with high wheat consumption. This study was registered in the UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN Trial ID: UMIN000056466).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-026-04097-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T12:25:59Z","timestamp":1788006359000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of reduced gluten intake through the inclusion of yellow pea-based products on abdominal symptoms in habitual wheat consumers: a non-randomized clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9412-1415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Shimbo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4780-3930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mamoru","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4682-6831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuto","family":"Aoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2497-9693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joto","family":"Yoshimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5995-9094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikiya","family":"Kishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiro","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1560-3942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yukihiro","family":"Ohya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masashi","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Senju","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akiko","family":"Yagami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"4097_CR1","first-page":"59","volume":"17","author":"Y Yoshida","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yoshida Y (2010) Potential for expanding demand for domestic wheat in light of changing demand and soaring international prices. 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This study was designed and funded by Mizkan Holdings Co., Ltd., and data analyses were conducted by the company. However, the evaluation and interpretation of the results were independently performed by researchers who are not affiliated with the company to ensure objectivity and unbiased interpretation. The authors declare no other competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"246"}}