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A newly developed 39-item online survey assessed knowledge of LI across four modules (definition, symptoms, diagnosis, and management). The knowledge score (range: \u2212 39; +39) was calculated and participants were classified into three knowledge levels based on the tertile distribution of scores: \u201clow knowledge\u201d, \u201cintermediate knowledge\u201d, and \u201chigh knowledge\u201d\u2019. Univariable and multivariable ordinal logistic regression were carried out to investigate the association between respondents\u2019 characteristics and LI knowledge.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 2025 respondents (85.4% female) were included in the analysis. The mean knowledge score was 15.4\u2009\u00b1\u20097.6. Overall, 36.6% of respondents showed low, 32.2% intermediate, and 31.2% high knowledge. Common misconceptions concern the belief that trace amounts of lactose (e.g., in lactose-free products or medications) can trigger symptoms and that a lactose-free diet does not pose a risk for nutritional deficiencies. Questions on unvalidated diagnostic methods elicited many \u201cI don\u2019t know\u201d responses, reflecting uncertainty about their reliability. Female gender, confirmed LI diagnosis, higher education and nutrition training were associated with higher knowledge, with the latter showing the strongest association (Odds Ratio 10.8, 95% CI: 8.30\u201314.2).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings highlight persistent misconceptions about LI and underscore the need for targeted educational strategies to improve public understanding and reduce inappropriate diagnostic and dietary practices.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-026-04106-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T12:17:34Z","timestamp":1790252254000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Knowledge of lactose intolerance in Italian adults: a cross\u2011sectional assessment"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Giulia","family":"Carioni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Dominici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Guglielmetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Zinnai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Fassio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Di Stefano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Maisonneuve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Sole","family":"Facioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrizia","family":"Gnagnarella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the ad-hoc created SINU-AILI working group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"4106_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2008.03889.x","volume":"29","author":"P Eadala","year":"2009","unstructured":"Eadala P, Waud JP, Matthews SB et al (2009) Quantifying the hidden lactose in drugs used for the treatment of gastrointestinal conditions. 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