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The aim was to examine whether adherence to a Nordic diet (assessed with the modified Nordic Diet Index, mNDI) is associated with depressive symptoms and clinical depression in the Finnish Health 2000\u20132011 survey.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The cross-sectional data included 4697 adults, while the prospective data included 1788 participants for depressive symptoms and 1862 for depressive disorders. Depressive symptoms were assessed in 2000 using a composite variable derived from validated questionnaires, and in 2011 using the Beck Depression Inventory-13 (BDI-13). Clinical diagnoses were based on the Munich-Composite International Diagnostic Interview (M-CIDI) or self-report.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      At baseline, 1746 participants (37.2%) reported elevated depressive symptoms. Higher mNDI (indicating better adherence) was associated with 25.0% lower multivariable-adjusted odds of depressive symptoms (Q4 vs. Q1; 95% CI 8.6\u201338.5%, p-trend\u2009=\u20090.013). In the prospective analyses, higher mNDI was associated with lower odds of elevated depressive symptoms (BDI-13 cut-off scores 1 and 5), but these associations attenuated after full adjustment. No association was observed at the BDI-13 cut-off 9 (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      -values\u2009\u2265\u20090.303). Adherence to a Nordic diet was not associated with clinical depression.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Higher adherence to a Nordic diet was associated with fewer depressive symptoms and a reduced risk of elevated depressive symptoms, but not with clinical depression, possibly due to the limited number of cases diagnosed via M-CIDI or reported by participants (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200982).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-026-04107-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T13:07:00Z","timestamp":1791378420000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Higher adherence to a Nordic diet is associated with reduced risk of mild depressive symptoms: a population-based analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2795-4811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna","family":"Myll\u00e4ri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jyrki K.","family":"Virtanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niina E.","family":"Kaartinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuija","family":"J\u00e4\u00e4skel\u00e4inen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Outi","family":"Nuutinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pilvikki","family":"Absetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satu","family":"M\u00e4nnist\u00f6","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anu","family":"Ruusunen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timo","family":"Partonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"4107_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(25)00170-1","volume":"12","author":"SB Teasdale","year":"2025","unstructured":"Teasdale SB, Machaczek KK, Marx W, Eaton M, Chapman J, Milton A et al (2025) Implementing lifestyle interventions in mental health care: third report of the Lancet Psychiatry Physical Health Commission. 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