{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T09:35:46Z","timestamp":1792920946444,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tampere University","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/033003e23","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We explored the associations between vitamin C intake and the risk of islet autoimmunity (IA) and\/or type 1 diabetes in genetically at-risk children. Furthermore, we explored associations between vitamin C metabolism-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and type 1 diabetes outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The current study within Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) cohort included 8478 children followed up every 3\u20136 months for relevant autoantibodies and diet. Dietary vitamin C intake was assessed longitudinally throughout childhood using age-specific dietary assessment methods and analysed using repeated measurements. Cox regression was used for the primary analyses and Bayesian joint longitudinal-survival models as sensitivity analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 777 (9.2%) children developed IA, including 292 (3.4%) with IAA-first and 337 (4.0%) with GADA-first autoimmunity; 319 (41.0%) progressed to type 1 diabetes. Mean (SD) vitamin C intake was 60.7 (38.8) mg\/1000\u00a0kcal. Higher vitamin C intake was associated with an increased risk of IAA-first autoimmunity (adjusted hazard ratio 1.04; 95% confidence interval 1.00\u20131.07, per 10\u00a0mg\/1000\u00a0kcal increase) while lowest and highest tertiles of intake were associated with increased risk of GADA-first autoimmunity as compared to mid-tertile [(1.65; 1.20\u20132.27) and (1.42; 1.02\u20131.98), respectively]. Sensitivity analyses using Bayesian joint longitudinal-survival models supported the primary findings and suggested nonlinear associations between vitamin C intake and the risks of IA and multiple IA. Associations between vitamin C-related SNPs and study outcomes did not withstand correction for multiple testing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vitamin C intake was not consistently associated with IA or progression to type 1 diabetes. However, the observed nonlinear association, with lowest risk for moderate intakes, merits further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NCT00279318, 06\/09\/2004.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-026-04116-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T12:36:35Z","timestamp":1790253395000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dietary vitamin C intake and the risk of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes: The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) Study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"65","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct00279318","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7829-9474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Mattila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lazarus K.","family":"Mramba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sari","family":"Niinist\u00f6","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iris","family":"Erlund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulla","family":"Uusitalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carin","family":"Andr\u00e9n Aronsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Hummel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brigitte I.","family":"Frohnert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hemang M.","family":"Parikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen S.","family":"Rich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Hagopian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorma","family":"Toppari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c5ke","family":"Lernmark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anette G.","family":"Ziegler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marian","family":"Rewers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey P.","family":"Krischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leena","family":"Hakola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill M.","family":"Norris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suvi M.","family":"Virtanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"for the TEDDY Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"4116_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e32834872ce","volume":"18","author":"GP Forlenza","year":"2011","unstructured":"Forlenza GP, Rewers M (2011) The epidemic of type 1 diabetes: what is it telling us? 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The TEDDY study was approved by local Institutional Review Boards or European Ethics Committees: Colorado\u2019s Colorado Multiple Institutional Review Board, Georgia\u2019s Medical College of Georgia Human Assurance Committee (2004\u20132010), Georgia Health Sciences University Human Assurance Committee (2011\u20132012), Georgia Regents University Institutional Review Board (2013\u20132016), Augusta University Institutional Review Board (2017-present), Florida\u2019s University of Florida Health Center Institutional Review Board, Washington state\u2019s Washington State Institutional Review Board (2004\u20132012) and Western Institutional Review Board (2013\u20132019), WCG IRB (2020-present), Finland\u2019s Ethics Committee of the Hospital District of Southwest Finland, Germany\u2019s Bayerischen Landes\u00e4rztekammer (Bavarian Medical Association) Ethics Committee, Sweden\u2019s Regional Ethics Board in Lund, Sect. 2 (2004\u20132012) and Lund University Committee for Continuing Ethical Review (2013-present). Written informed consent was obtained for all study participants from a parent or primary caretaker, separately, for genetic screening and enrollment to participate in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"262"}}