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For each sex\u2013age group, optimised diets were derived under three optimisation models using Data Envelopment Analysis: (i) MaxNRF: maximisation of diet quality score (Nutrient Rich Food Index [NRF] 9.3); (ii) MinGHGE: minimisation of GHGE; and (iii) OPT2G: combination of both objectives. All models included a monetary cost constraint (105% of observed). The proportions of participants having inadequate nutrient intakes, based on the Japanese Dietary Reference Intakes, were compared between observed diets and three optimised diets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All optimised diets showed NRF9.3 scores 13.5\u201335.9% higher than those observed in all sex-age groups. GHGE decreased by 12.6\u201332.7% in the MinGHGE and OPT2G only. Differences between the optimised and observed diets in NRF9.3 score and GHGE were generally larger in younger than in older adults. All optimised diets showed lower or similar prevalences of inadequate nutrient intake compared with observed values. However, in younger males, optimised diets with MinGHGE had less favourable macronutrient distributions and higher inadequacies of vitamins A, C, and riboflavin than observed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Optimised diets showed better nutrient adequacy and lower GHGE across all sex-age groups, although specific nutrient shortfalls warrant attention when minimising GHGE in younger males.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-026-04129-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:44:27Z","timestamp":1791927867000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimizing Japanese dietary patterns to improve nutritional quality, reduce environmental impact under affordability constraints in younger and older adults from the nationwide MINNADE study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3692-2707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minami","family":"Sugimoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hitomi","family":"Okubo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasunori","family":"Kikuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sander","family":"Biesbroek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth H. 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Accessed 27 August 2026"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00394-026-04129-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00394-026-04129-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00394-026-04129-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T04:06:47Z","timestamp":1791950807000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00394-026-04129-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4129"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00394-026-04129-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1436-6207","1436-6215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1436-6207","type":"print"},{"value":"1436-6215","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"H.O. belongs to the Department of Nutritional Epidemiology and Behavioural Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, which is a social cooperation program with Ajinomoto, Co., Inc. The authors declare that Ajinomoto, Co., Inc. had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from each participant at the time of data collection.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Informed consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The MINNADE study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Tokyo Faculty of Medicine (protocol code: 11397). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. The dataset of the MINNADE study is currently administered by the Consumer Affairs Agency, Government of Japan. Permission to use the anonymised dataset of the MINNADE study was obtained from the Consumer Affairs Agency in December 2024. The study protocol involving secondary use of the MINNADE study dataset was approved by the Ethics Review Committee of the Graduate School of Engineering, the Graduate School of Informatics, the Design Research Institute, and the Frontier Medical Engineering Center, Chiba University (approval no. R6-26 on February 18, 2025).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Institutional review board","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"282"}}