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Recent studies have suggested that stimulation of lymphangiogenesis may reduce cardiac lymphedema. However, effects of lymphatic endothelial progenitor cells (LEPCs) on cardiac lymphangiogenesis are poorly understood. Therefore, this study investigated effectiveness of LEPC transplantation and VEGF-C release with self-assembling peptide (SAP) on cardiac lymphangiogenesis after myocardial infarction (MI). CD34<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>VEGFR-3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> EPCs isolated from rat bone marrow differentiated into lymphatic endothelial cells after VEGF-C induction. VEGF-C also stimulated the cells to incorporate into the lymphatic capillary-like structures. The functionalized SAP could adhere with the cells and released VEGF-C sustainedly. In the condition of hypoxia and serum deprivation or abdominal pouch assay,\nthe SAP hydrogel protected the cells from apoptosis and necrosis. At 4\u00a0weeks after intramyocardial transplantation of the cells and VEGF-C loaded with SAP hydrogel in rat MI models, cardiac lymphangiogenesis was increased, cardiac edema and reverse remodeling were reduced, and cardiac function was improved significantly. Delivery with SAP hydrogel favored survival of the engrafted cells. VEGF-C released from the hydrogel promoted differentiation and incorporation of the cells as well as growth of pre-existed lymphatic vessels. Cardiac lymphangiogenesis was beneficial for elimination of the inflammatory cells in the infarcted myocardium. Moreover, angiogenesis and myocardial regeneration were enhanced after reduction of lymphedema. These results demonstrate that the combined delivery of LEPCs and VEGF-C with the functionalized SAP promotes cardiac lymphangiogenesis and repair of the infarcted myocardium effectively. This study represents a novel therapy for relieving myocardial edema in cardiovascular diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-019-0752-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,6]],"date-time":"2019-10-06T01:02:20Z","timestamp":1570323740000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Enhancement of cardiac lymphangiogenesis by transplantation of CD34+VEGFR-3+ endothelial progenitor cells and sustained release of VEGF-C"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Hai-feng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-li","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-zhen","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1783-9617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hai-jie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"752_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2545","volume":"17","author":"K Alitalo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Alitalo K (2011) The lymphatic vasculature in disease. 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