{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T16:50:08Z","timestamp":1793379008936,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":212,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,29]],"date-time":"2013-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1385683200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Neuropathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-013-1221-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,27]],"date-time":"2013-11-27T23:42:37Z","timestamp":1385595757000},"page":"91-107","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":190,"title":["Neuropathology of substance use disorders"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"127","author":[{"given":"Jean Lud","family":"Cadet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Bisagno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher Mark","family":"Milroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"1221_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2003.02247.x","volume":"88","author":"DN Albertson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Albertson DN, Pruetz B, Schmidt CJ et al (2004) Gene expression profile of the nucleus accumbens of human cocaine abusers: evidence for dysregulation of myelin. J Neurochem 88:1211\u20131219","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"1221_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(99)00040-7","volume":"102","author":"SN Andersen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Andersen SN, Skullerud K (1999) Hypoxic\/ischaemic brain damage, especially pallidal lesions, in heroin addicts. Forensic Sci Int 102:51\u201359","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"1221_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.12114","volume":"125","author":"M Angoa-P\u00e9rez","year":"2013","unstructured":"Angoa-P\u00e9rez M, Kane MJ, Briggs DI et al (2013) Mephedrone does not damage dopamine nerve endings of the striatum, but enhances the neurotoxicity of methamphetamine, amphetamine, and MDMA. J Neurochem 125:102\u2013110","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"1221_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2011.07632.x","volume":"120","author":"M Angoa-P\u00e9rez","year":"2012","unstructured":"Angoa-P\u00e9rez M, Kane MJ, Francescutti DM et al (2012) Mephedrone, an abused psychoactive component of \u201cbath salts\u201d and methamphetamine congener, does not cause neurotoxicity to dopamine nerve endings of the striatum. J Neurochem 120:1097\u20131107","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"1221_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3685","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq263","volume":"133","author":"IC Anthony","year":"2010","unstructured":"Anthony IC, Norrby KE, Dingwall T et al (2010) Predisposition to accelerated Alzheimer-related changes in the brains of human immunodeficiency virus negative opiate abusers. Brain 133:3685\u20133698","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1221_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barnea-Goraly N, Menon V, Eckert M et al (2005) White matter development during childhood and adolescence: a cross-sectional diffusion tensor imaging study. Cerebral cortex (New York, NY: 1991) 15:1848\u20131854","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhi062"},{"key":"1221_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.02.035","volume":"56","author":"A Barr\u00f3s-Loscertales","year":"2011","unstructured":"Barr\u00f3s-Loscertales A, Garavan H, Bustamante JC et al (2011) Reduced striatal volume in cocaine-dependent patients. NeuroImage 56:1021\u20131026","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"1221_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e55821","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055821","volume":"8","author":"A Batalla","year":"2013","unstructured":"Batalla A, Bhattacharyya S, Y\u00fccel M et al (2013) Structural and functional imaging studies in chronic cannabis users: a systematic review of adolescent and adult findings. PLoS ONE 8:e55821","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1221_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(88)90056-8","volume":"149","author":"G Battaglia","year":"1988","unstructured":"Battaglia G, Brooks BP, Kulsakdinun C, De Souza EB (1988) Pharmacologic profile of MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) at various brain recognition sites. Eur J Pharmacol 149:159\u2013163","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"1221_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2012.11.020","volume":"698","author":"MH Baumann","year":"2013","unstructured":"Baumann MH, Partilla JS, Lehner KR (2013) Psychoactive \u201cbath salts\u201d: not so soothing. Eur J Pharmacol 698:1\u20135","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"1221_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2012.204","volume":"38","author":"MH Baumann","year":"2013","unstructured":"Baumann MH, Partilla JS, Lehner KR et al (2013) Powerful cocaine-like actions of 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), a principal constituent of psychoactive \u201cbath salts\u201d products. Neuropsychopharmacology 38:552\u2013562","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"1221_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(94)90018-3","volume":"50","author":"A Bechara","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bechara A, Damasio AR, Damasio H, Anderson SW (1994) Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex. Cognition 50:7\u201315","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"1221_CR13","first-page":"159","volume":"114","author":"RP Bell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bell RP, Foxe JJ, Nierenberg J et al (2011) Assessing white matter integrity as a function of abstinence duration in former cocaine-dependent individuals. Drug Alcohol Depend 114:159\u2013168","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"1221_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4002107","volume":"13","author":"SM Berman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Berman SM, Voytek B, Mandelkern MA et al (2008) Changes in cerebral glucose metabolism during early abstinence from chronic methamphetamine abuse. Mol Psychiatry 13:897\u2013908","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1221_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/S0147-9563(97)90040-6","volume":"26","author":"MS Boghdadi","year":"1997","unstructured":"Boghdadi MS, Henning RJ (1997) Cocaine: pathophysiology and clinical toxicology. Heart Lung 26:466\u2013483","journal-title":"Heart Lung"},{"key":"1221_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.10.3.280","volume":"10","author":"KI Bolla","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bolla KI, Cadet JL, London ED (1998) The neuropsychiatry of chronic cocaine abuse. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 10:280\u2013289","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"1221_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.02.012","volume":"26","author":"KI Bolla","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bolla KI, Eldreth DA, Matochik JA, Cadet JL (2005) Neural substrates of faulty decision-making in abstinent marijuana users. NeuroImage 26:480\u2013492","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"1221_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2010.00266.x","volume":"17","author":"E Bora","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bora E, Y\u00fccel M, Fornito A et al (2012) White matter microstructure in opiate addiction. Addict Biol 17:141\u2013148","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"1221_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)38650-7","volume":"268","author":"JF Bowyer","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bowyer JF, Davies DL, Schmued L et al (1994) Further studies of the role of hyperthermia in methamphetamine neurotoxicity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 268:1571\u20131580","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"1221_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra052760","volume":"355","author":"JL Brisman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brisman JL, Song JK, Newell DW (2006) Cerebral aneurysms. N Engl J Med 355:928\u2013939","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1221_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(05)70357-1","volume":"15","author":"JC Brust","year":"1997","unstructured":"Brust JC (1997) Vasculitis owing to substance abuse. Neurol Clin 15:945\u2013957","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"1221_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1097\/00006231-200108000-00007","volume":"22","author":"R Buchert","year":"2001","unstructured":"Buchert R, Obrocki J, Thomasius R et al (2001) Long-term effects of \u201cecstasy\u201d abuse on the human brain studied by FDG PET. Nucl Med Commun 22:889\u2013897","journal-title":"Nucl Med Commun"},{"key":"1221_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.2010.01131.x","volume":"37","author":"A B\u00fcttner","year":"2011","unstructured":"B\u00fcttner A (2011) Review: the neuropathology of drug abuse. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 37:118\u2013134","journal-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1221_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S240","DOI":"10.1016\/S1344-6223(02)00122-0","volume":"5","author":"A B\u00fcttner","year":"2003","unstructured":"B\u00fcttner A, Mall G, Penning R et al (2003) The neuropathology of cocaine abuse. Leg Med 5(Suppl 1):S240\u2013S242","journal-title":"Leg Med"},{"key":"1221_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(00)00204-8","volume":"113","author":"A B\u00fcttner","year":"2000","unstructured":"B\u00fcttner A, Mall G, Penning R, Weis S (2000) The neuropathology of heroin abuse. Forensic Sci Int 113:435\u2013442","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"1221_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01505.x","volume":"101","author":"A B\u00fcttner","year":"2006","unstructured":"B\u00fcttner A, Rohrmoser K, Mall G et al (2006) Widespread axonal damage in the brain of drug abusers as evidenced by accumulation of beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta-APP): an immunohistochemical investigation. Addiction 101:1339\u20131346","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"1221_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0186(97)00031-4","volume":"32","author":"JL Cadet","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cadet JL, Brannock C (1998) Free radicals and the pathobiology of brain dopamine systems. Neurochem Int 32:117\u2013131","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"1221_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1097\/00063110-200510000-00008","volume":"12","author":"DGE Caldicott","year":"2005","unstructured":"Caldicott DGE, Holmes J, Roberts-Thomson KC, Mahar L (2005) Keep off the grass: marijuana use and acute cardiovascular events. Eur J Emerg Med 12:236\u2013244","journal-title":"Eur J Emerg Med"},{"key":"1221_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.013","volume":"120","author":"RC Callaghan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Callaghan RC, Cunningham JK, Sykes J, Kish SJ (2012) Increased risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease in individuals hospitalized with conditions related to the use of methamphetamine or other amphetamine-type drugs. Drug Alcohol Depend 120:35\u201340","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"1221_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-009-8064-1","volume":"39","author":"JP Capela","year":"2009","unstructured":"Capela JP, Carmo H, Remi\u00e3o F et al (2009) Molecular and cellular mechanisms of ecstasy-induced neurotoxicity: an overview. Mol Neurobiol 39:210\u2013271","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"1221_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870080210","volume":"8","author":"FE Cardoso","year":"1993","unstructured":"Cardoso FE, Jankovic J (1993) Cocaine-related movement disorders. Mov Disord 8:175\u2013178","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"1221_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-012-0815-5","volume":"86","author":"M Carvalho","year":"2012","unstructured":"Carvalho M, Carmo H, Costa VM et al (2012) Toxicity of amphetamines: an update. Arch Toxicol 86:1167\u20131231","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"1221_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.01.039","volume":"57","author":"L Chang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chang L, Cloak C, Patterson K et al (2005) Enlarged striatum in abstinent methamphetamine abusers: a possible compensatory response. Biol Psychiatry 57:967\u2013974","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1221_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(25)00317-9","volume":"241","author":"DL Commins","year":"1987","unstructured":"Commins DL, Vosmer G, Virus RM et al (1987) Biochemical and histological evidence that methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA) is toxic to neurons in the rat brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 241:338\u2013345","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"1221_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cordner S, Leahy F (2013) Ethical research on bodies in the jurisdiction of coroners or medical examiner. Acad Forensic Pathol 3:301\u2013313","DOI":"10.23907\/2013.040"},{"key":"1221_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.09.046","volume":"59","author":"J Cousijn","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cousijn J, Wiers RW, Ridderinkhof KR et al (2012) Grey matter alterations associated with cannabis use: results of a VBM study in heavy cannabis users and healthy controls. NeuroImage 59:3845\u20133851","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"1221_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2003.07.001","volume":"72","author":"RL Cowan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cowan RL, Lyoo IK, Sung SM et al (2003) Reduced cortical gray matter density in human MDMA (Ecstasy) users: a voxel-based morphometry study. Drug Alcohol Depend 72:225\u2013235","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"1221_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1432.007","volume":"1139","author":"RL Cowan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cowan RL, Roberts DM, Joers JM (2008) Neuroimaging in human MDMA (Ecstasy) users. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1139:291\u2013298","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"1221_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2003.08.006","volume":"13","author":"MRC Daglish","year":"2003","unstructured":"Daglish MRC, Nutt DJ (2003) Brain imaging studies in human addicts. Eu Neuropsychopharmacol 13:453\u2013458","journal-title":"Eu Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"1221_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.20801","volume":"64","author":"VS Dalton","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dalton VS, Zavitsanou K (2010) Cannabinoid effects on CB1 receptor density in the adolescent brain: an autoradiographic study using the synthetic cannabinoid HU210. Synapse 64:845\u2013854","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"1221_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1159\/000026502","volume":"37","author":"P Danos","year":"1998","unstructured":"Danos P, Kasper S, Gr\u00fcnwald F et al (1998) Pathological regional cerebral blood flow in opiate-dependent patients during withdrawal: a HMPAO-SPECT study. Neuropsychobiology 37:194\u2013199","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"1221_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcq134","volume":"103","author":"PI Dargan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dargan PI, Albert S, Wood DM (2010) Mephedrone use and associated adverse effects in school and college\/university students before the UK legislation change. QJM 103:875\u2013879","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"1221_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.08.065","volume":"54","author":"J Daumann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Daumann J, Koester P, Becker B et al (2011) Medial prefrontal gray matter volume reductions in users of amphetamine-type stimulants revealed by combined tract-based spatial statistics and voxel-based morphometry. NeuroImage 54:794\u2013801","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"1221_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.106.035089","volume":"193","author":"MML Win De","year":"2008","unstructured":"De Win MML, Jager G, Booij J et al (2008) Neurotoxic effects of ecstasy on the thalamus. Br J Psychiatry 193:289\u2013296","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1221_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2012.179","volume":"38","author":"AC Dean","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dean AC, Groman SM, Morales AM, London ED (2013) An evaluation of the evidence that methamphetamine abuse causes cognitive decline in humans. Neuropsychopharmacology 38:259\u2013274","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"1221_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(00)00552-2","volume":"103","author":"B Dean","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dean B, Sundram S, Bradbury R et al (2001) Studies on [3H]CP-55940 binding in the human central nervous system: regional specific changes in density of cannabinoid-1 receptors associated with schizophrenia and cannabis use. Neuroscience 103:9\u201315","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"1221_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61138-0","volume":"379","author":"L Degenhardt","year":"2012","unstructured":"Degenhardt L, Hall W (2012) Extent of illicit drug use and dependence, and their contribution to the global burden of disease. Lancet 379:55\u201370","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1221_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"den Hollander B, Rozov S, Linden AM, Uusi-Oukari M, Ojanper\u00e4 I, Korpi ER (2013) Long-term cognitive and neurochemical effects of \u201cbath salt\u201d designer drugs methylone and mephedrone. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 103:501\u2013509. doi: 10.1016\/j.pbb.2012.10.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2012.10.006"},{"key":"1221_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2012.06.005","volume":"98","author":"KJ Doorn","year":"2012","unstructured":"Doorn KJ, Lucassen PJ, Boddeke HW et al (2012) Emerging roles of microglial activation and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Progress Neurobiol 98:222\u2013238","journal-title":"Progress Neurobiol"},{"key":"1221_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2004.09.005","volume":"5","author":"JM Elliott","year":"2005","unstructured":"Elliott JM, Beveridge TJR (2005) Psychostimulants and monoamine transporters: upsetting the balance. Curr Opin Pharmacol 5:94\u2013100","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"key":"1221_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2005.09.011","volume":"78","author":"MA Elsohly","year":"2005","unstructured":"Elsohly MA, Slade D (2005) Chemical constituents of marijuana: the complex mixture of natural cannabinoids. Life Sci 78:539\u2013548","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"1221_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.56","volume":"68","author":"D Erritzoe","year":"2011","unstructured":"Erritzoe D, Frokjaer VG, Holst KK et al (2011) In vivo imaging of cerebral serotonin transporter and serotonin(2A) receptor binding in 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or \u201cecstasy\u201d) and hallucinogen users. Arch Gen Psychiatry 68:562\u2013576","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"1221_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950060058006","volume":"51","author":"PV Escriba","year":"1994","unstructured":"Escriba PV, Sastre M, Garcia-Sevilla JA (1994) Increased density of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins in the postmortem brains of heroin addicts. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51:494\u2013501","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"1221_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.7","volume":"1","author":"K Esse","year":"2011","unstructured":"Esse K, Fossati-Bellani M, Traylor A, Martin-Schild S (2011) Epidemic of illicit drug use, mechanisms of action\/addiction and stroke as a health hazard. Brain Behav 1:44\u201354","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"1221_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(02)00110-2","volume":"68","author":"G Fein","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fein G, Di Sclafani V, Meyerhoff DJ (2002) Prefrontal cortical volume reduction associated with frontal cortex function deficit in 6-week abstinent crack-cocaine dependent men. Drug Alcohol Depend 68:87\u201393","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"1221_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-3019(96)00431-4","volume":"47","author":"RD Fessler","year":"1997","unstructured":"Fessler RD, Esshaki CM, Stankewitz RC et al (1997) The neurovascular complications of cocaine. Surg Neurol 47:339\u2013345","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"key":"1221_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1994.tb03738.x","volume":"46","author":"JL Fitzgerald","year":"1994","unstructured":"Fitzgerald JL, Reid JJ (1994) Sympathomimetic actions of methylenedioxymethamphetamine in rat and rabbit isolated cardiovascular tissues. J Pharm Pharmacol 46:826\u2013832","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1221_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2238","volume":"32","author":"RJ Fox","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fox RJ, Cronin T, Lin J, Wang X, Sakaie K, Ontaneda D, Mahmoud SY, Lowe MJ, Phillips MD (2011) Measuring myelin repair and axonal loss with diffusion tensor imaging. Am J Neuroradiol 32(1):85\u201391","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"1221_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.11.007","volume":"165","author":"L Frost","year":"2013","unstructured":"Frost L, Mostofsky E, Rosenbloom JI et al (2013) Marijuana use and long-term mortality among survivors of acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 165:170\u2013175","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"1221_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02244763","volume":"115","author":"AM Gabilondo","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gabilondo AM, Meana JJ, Barturen F et al (1994) mu-Opioid receptor and alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist binding sites in the postmortem brain of heroin addicts. Psychopharmacology 115:135\u2013140","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"1221_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1995.tb20780.x","volume":"232","author":"S Gali\u00e8gue","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gali\u00e8gue S, Mary S, Marchand J et al (1995) Expression of central and peripheral cannabinoid receptors in human immune tissues and leukocyte subpopulations. Eur J Biochem 232:54\u201361","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"key":"1221_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199705060-00003","volume":"8","author":"JA Garc\u00eda-Sevilla","year":"1997","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Sevilla JA, Ventayol P, Busquets X et al (1997) Marked decrease of immunolabelled 68\u00a0kDa neurofilament (NF-L) proteins in brains of opiate addicts. NeuroReport 8:1561\u20131565","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"1221_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-89-4-448","volume":"89","author":"A Gash","year":"1978","unstructured":"Gash A, Karliner JS, Janowsky D, Lake CR (1978) Effects of smoking marihuana on left ventricular performance and plasma norepinephrine: studies in normal men. Ann Intern Med 89:448\u2013452","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"1221_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1811","volume":"31","author":"S Geibprasert","year":"2010","unstructured":"Geibprasert S, Gallucci M, Krings T (2010) Addictive illegal drugs: structural neuroimaging. Am J Neuroradiol 31:803\u2013808. doi: 10.3174\/ajnr.A1811","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"1221_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"German CL, Fleckenstein AE, Hanson GR (2013) Bath salts and synthetic cathinones: an emerging designer drug phenomenon. Life Sci. doi: 10.1016\/j.lfs.2013.07.023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2013.07.023"},{"key":"1221_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(96)00428-9","volume":"77","author":"M Glass","year":"1997","unstructured":"Glass M, Dragunow M, Faull RL (1997) Cannabinoid receptors in the human brain: a detailed anatomical and quantitative autoradiographic study in the fetal, neonatal and adult human brain. Neuroscience 77:299\u2013318","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"1221_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2006.05.044","volume":"32","author":"J Glauser","year":"2007","unstructured":"Glauser J, Queen JR (2007) An overview of non-cardiac cocaine toxicity. J Emerg Med 32:181\u2013186","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"1221_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2004.04.002","volume":"42","author":"RZ Goldstein","year":"2004","unstructured":"Goldstein RZ, Leskovjan AC, Hoff AL et al (2004) Severity of neuropsychological impairment in cocaine and alcohol addiction: association with metabolism in the prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychologia 42:1447\u20131458","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"1221_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Granado N, Ares-Santos S, Moratalla R (2013) Methamphetamine and Parkinson\u2019s disease. Parkinson\u2019s disease 308052","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/308052"},{"key":"1221_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.55.3.3","volume":"55","author":"AR Green","year":"2003","unstructured":"Green AR, Mechan AO, Elliott JM et al (2003) The pharmacology and clinical pharmacology of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, \u201cecstasy\u201d). Pharmacol Rev 55:463\u2013508","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"1221_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-007-9041-y","volume":"17","author":"SA Gruber","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gruber SA, Silveri MM, Yurgelun-Todd DA (2007) Neuropsychological consequences of opiate use. Neuropsychol Rev 17:299\u2013315","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"1221_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haden-Pinneri K, Weedn VW (2013) Organ and tissue retention. Acad Forensic Pathol 3:294\u2013300","DOI":"10.23907\/2013.039"},{"key":"1221_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.274065103","volume":"27","author":"IG Hagan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hagan IG, Burney K (2007) Radiology of recreational drug abuse. Radiographics 27:919\u2013940","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"1221_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/ael078","volume":"96","author":"AP Hall","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hall AP, Henry JA (2006) Acute toxic effects of \u201cEcstasy\u201d (MDMA) and related compounds: overview of pathophysiology and clinical management. Br J Anaesth 96:678\u2013685","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"1221_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61037-0","volume":"374","author":"W Hall","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hall W, Degenhardt L (2009) Adverse health effects of non-medical cannabis use. Lancet 374:1383\u20131391","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1221_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1983.04210070043012","volume":"40","author":"H Harrington","year":"1983","unstructured":"Harrington H, Heller HA, Dawson D et al (1983) Intracerebral hemorrhage and oral amphetamine. Arch Neurol 40:503\u2013507","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"1221_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301A","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1996.tb01797.x","volume":"20","author":"E Hashimoto","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hashimoto E, Fr\u00f6lich L, Ozawa H et al (1996) Alteration of glutamyltranspeptidase binding proteins in postmortem brains of heroin addicts. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 20:301A\u2013304A","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"1221_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000150882.69371.DD","volume":"64","author":"RI Herning","year":"2005","unstructured":"Herning RI, Better WE, Tate K, Cadet JL (2005) Cerebrovascular perfusion in marijuana users during a month of monitored abstinence. Neurology 64:488\u2013493","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1221_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)39035-4","volume":"294","author":"CJ Hillard","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hillard CJ (2000) Endocannabinoids and vascular function. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 294:27\u201332","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"1221_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-008-9177-5","volume":"10","author":"EL Ho","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ho EL, Josephson SA, Lee HS, Smith WS (2009) Cerebrovascular complications of methamphetamine abuse. Neurocrit Care 10:295\u2013305","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"1221_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.134.2.301","volume":"134","author":"BD Homer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Homer BD, Solomon TM, Moeller RW et al (2008) Methamphetamine abuse and impairment of social functioning: a review of the underlying neurophysiological causes and behavioral implications. Psychol Bull 134:301\u2013310","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"1221_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.890130408","volume":"13","author":"YL Hurd","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hurd YL, Herkenham M (1993) Molecular alterations in the neostriatum of human cocaine addicts. Synapse 13:357\u2013369","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"1221_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2008.50","volume":"15","author":"S Jayanthi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jayanthi S, Buie S, Moore S et al (2010) Heavy marijuana users show increased serum apolipoprotein C-III levels: evidence from proteomic analyses. Mol Psychiatry 15:101\u2013112","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1221_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.8.1461","volume":"162","author":"TL Jernigan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jernigan TL, Gamst AC, Archibald SL et al (2005) Effects of methamphetamine dependence and HIV infection on cerebral morphology. Am J Psychiatry 162:1461\u20131472","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1221_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0330-6","volume":"185","author":"C-E Johanson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Johanson C-E, Frey KA, Lundahl LH et al (2006) Cognitive function and nigrostriatal markers in abstinent methamphetamine abusers. Psychopharmacology 185:327\u2013338","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"1221_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2012.02212.x","volume":"57","author":"MM Johnson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Johnson MM, David JA, Michelhaugh SK et al (2012) Increased heat shock protein 70 gene expression in the brains of cocaine-related fatalities may be reflective of postdrug survival and intervention rather than excited delirium. J Forensic Sci 57:1519\u20131523","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"1221_CR87","first-page":"917","volume":"165","author":"H Kalant","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kalant H (2001) The pharmacology and toxicology of \u201cecstasy\u201d (MDMA) and related drugs. CMAJ 165:917\u2013928","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"1221_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2009.03.011","volume":"43","author":"Y-T Kim","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kim Y-T, Lee S-W, Kwon D-H et al (2009) Dose-dependent frontal hypometabolism on FDG-PET in methamphetamine abusers. J Psychiatr Res 43:1166\u20131170","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"1221_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881108097724","volume":"24","author":"SJ Kish","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kish SJ, Fitzmaurice PS, Chang LJ et al (2010) Low striatal serotonin transporter protein in a human polydrug MDMA (ecstasy) user: a case study. J Psychopharmacol 24:281\u2013284","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1221_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.26.6.1114","volume":"26","author":"JP Konzen","year":"1995","unstructured":"Konzen JP, Levine SR, Garcia JH (1995) Vasospasm and thrombus formation as possible mechanisms of stroke related to alkaloidal cocaine. Stroke 26:1114\u20131118","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1221_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.110","volume":"35","author":"GF Koob","year":"2010","unstructured":"Koob GF, Volkow ND (2010) Neurocircuitry of addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology 35:217\u2013238","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"1221_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.3109\/00952998809001555","volume":"14","author":"TR Kosten","year":"1988","unstructured":"Kosten TR, Kleber HD (1988) Rapid death during cocaine abuse: a variant of the neuroleptic malignant syndrome? Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 14:335\u2013346","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"1221_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2009.03.002","volume":"60","author":"IN Krasnova","year":"2009","unstructured":"Krasnova IN, Cadet JL (2009) Methamphetamine toxicity and messengers of death. Brain Res Rev 60:379\u2013407","journal-title":"Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"1221_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krinsky CS, Reichard R (2012) Chasing the dragon: a review of toxic leukoencephalopathy. Acad Forensic Pathol 2:67\u201373","DOI":"10.23907\/2012.009"},{"key":"1221_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-008-9655-3","volume":"34","author":"LV Kristiansen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kristiansen LV, Bannon MJ, Meador-Woodruff JH (2009) Expression of transcripts for myelin related genes in postmortem brain from cocaine abusers. Neurochem Res 34:46\u201354","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"1221_CR96","first-page":"36","volume":"90","author":"S Kumra","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kumra S (2007) Schizophrenia and cannabis use. Minn Med 90:36\u201338","journal-title":"Minn Med"},{"key":"1221_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.29.5.1058","volume":"29","author":"T Kurumatani","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kurumatani T, Kudo T, Ikura Y, Takeda M (1998) White matter changes in the gerbil brain under chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Stroke 29:1058\u20131062","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1221_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(88)91597-1","volume":"443","author":"PW Landfield","year":"1988","unstructured":"Landfield PW, Cadwallader LB, Vinsant S (1988) Quantitative changes in hippocampal structure following long-term exposure to delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol: possible mediation by glucocorticoid systems. Brain Res 443:47\u201362","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"1221_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.8.1173","volume":"41","author":"SR Levine","year":"1991","unstructured":"Levine SR, Brust JC, Futrell N et al (1991) A comparative study of the cerebrovascular complications of cocaine: alkaloidal versus hydrochloride\u2014a review. Neurology 41:1173\u20131177","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1221_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01355-5","volume":"51","author":"KO Lim","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lim KO, Choi SJ, Pomara N et al (2002) Reduced frontal white matter integrity in cocaine dependence: a controlled diffusion tensor imaging study. Biol Psychiatry 51:890\u2013895","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1221_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.07.019","volume":"92","author":"KO Lim","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lim KO, Wozniak JR, Mueller BA et al (2008) Brain macrostructural and microstructural abnormalities in cocaine dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 92:164\u2013172","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"1221_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.4065\/81.1.77","volume":"81","author":"TW Lineberry","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lineberry TW, Bostwick JM (2006) Methamphetamine abuse: a perfect storm of complications. Mayo Clin Proc 81:77\u201384. doi: 10.4065\/81.1.77","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"1221_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2008.10.034","volume":"168","author":"KY Little","year":"2009","unstructured":"Little KY, Ramssen E, Welchko R et al (2009) Decreased brain dopamine cell numbers in human cocaine users. Psychiatry Res 168:173\u2013180","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"1221_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.1.73","volume":"61","author":"ED London","year":"2004","unstructured":"London ED, Simon SL, Berman SM et al (2004) Mood disturbances and regional cerebral metabolic abnormalities in recently abstinent methamphetamine abusers. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61:73\u201384","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"1221_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(87)90640-1","volume":"83","author":"DH Lowenstein","year":"1987","unstructured":"Lowenstein DH, Massa SM, Rowbotham MC et al (1987) Acute neurologic and psychiatric complications associated with cocaine abuse. Am J Med 83:841\u2013846","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"1221_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lucas CE (2005) The impact of street drugs on trauma care. J Trauma 59:S57\u2013S60 (discussion S67\u2013S75)","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ta.0000176044.21200.b0"},{"key":"1221_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(03)00173-5","volume":"42","author":"J Lyles","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lyles J, Cadet JL (2003) Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) neurotoxicity: cellular and molecular mechanisms. Brain Res Rev 42:155\u2013168","journal-title":"Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"1221_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-005-0198-x","volume":"184","author":"IK Lyoo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lyoo IK, Pollack MH, Silveri MM et al (2006) Prefrontal and temporal gray matter density decreases in opiate dependence. Psychopharmacology 184:139\u2013144","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"1221_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.08.037","volume":"49","author":"N Ma","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ma N, Liu Y, Li N et al (2010) Addiction related alteration in resting-state brain connectivity. NeuroImage 49:738\u2013744","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"1221_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-008-0049-2","volume":"2","author":"CM Magro","year":"2008","unstructured":"Magro CM, Dyrsen M (2008) Angiocentric lesions of the head and neck. Head Neck Pathol 2:116\u2013130","journal-title":"Head Neck Pathol"},{"key":"1221_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.08.011","volume":"60","author":"N Makris","year":"2008","unstructured":"Makris N, Gasic GP, Kennedy DN et al (2008) Cortical thickness abnormalities in cocaine addiction\u2014a reflection of both drug use and a pre-existing disposition to drug abuse? Neuron 60:174\u2013188","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1221_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2011.02.035","volume":"181","author":"R Maldonado","year":"2011","unstructured":"Maldonado R, Berrendero F, Ozaita A, Robledo P (2011) Neurochemical basis of cannabis addiction. Neuroscience 181:1\u201317","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"1221_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2012.08.003","volume":"33","author":"JA Marusich","year":"2012","unstructured":"Marusich JA, Grant KR, Blough BE, Wiley JL (2012) Effects of synthetic cathinones contained in \u201cbath salts\u201d on motor behavior and a functional observational battery in mice. Neurotoxicology 33:1305\u20131313","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"1221_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)34877-3","volume":"290","author":"M Mas","year":"1999","unstructured":"Mas M, Farr\u00e9 M, De la Torre R et al (1999) Cardiovascular and neuroendocrine effects and pharmacokinetics of 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in humans. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 290:136\u2013145","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"1221_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.05.012","volume":"190","author":"DC Mash","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mash DC, Duque L, Pablo J et al (2009) Brain biomarkers for identifying excited delirium as a cause of sudden death. Forensic Sci Int 190:e13\u2013e19","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"1221_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2002.00820.x","volume":"81","author":"DC Mash","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mash DC, Pablo J, Ouyang Q et al (2002) Dopamine transport function is elevated in cocaine users. J Neurochem 81:292\u2013300","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"1221_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-0618(00)00102-2","volume":"20","author":"DC Mash","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mash DC, Staley JK, Izenwasser S et al (2000) Serotonin transporters upregulate with chronic cocaine use. J Chem Neuroanat 20:271\u2013280","journal-title":"J Chem Neuroanat"},{"key":"1221_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.06.011","volume":"77","author":"JA Matochik","year":"2005","unstructured":"Matochik JA, Eldreth DA, Cadet J-L, Bolla KI (2005) Altered brain tissue composition in heavy marijuana users. Drug Alcohol Depend 77:23\u201330","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"1221_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00244-1","volume":"19","author":"JA Matochik","year":"2003","unstructured":"Matochik JA, London ED, Eldreth DA et al (2003) Frontal cortical tissue composition in abstinent cocaine abusers: a magnetic resonance imaging study. NeuroImage 19:1095\u20131102","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"1221_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1054\/plef.2001.0344","volume":"66","author":"SD McAllister","year":"2002","unstructured":"McAllister SD, Glass M (2002) CB(1) and CB(2) receptor-mediated signalling: a focus on endocannabinoids. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 66:161\u2013171","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids"},{"key":"1221_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.1994.15","volume":"10","author":"UD McCann","year":"1994","unstructured":"McCann UD, Ridenour A, Shaham Y, Ricaurte GA (1994) Serotonin neurotoxicity after (\u00b1)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; \u201cEcstasy\u201d): a controlled study in humans. Neuropsychopharmacology 10:129\u2013138","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"1221_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300736","volume":"30","author":"UD McCann","year":"2005","unstructured":"McCann UD, Szabo Z, Seckin E et al (2005) Quantitative PET studies of the serotonin transporter in MDMA users and controls using [11C]McN5652 and [11C]DASB. Neuropsychopharmacology 30:1741\u20131750","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"1221_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-008-1218-4","volume":"200","author":"UD McCann","year":"2008","unstructured":"McCann UD, Szabo Z, Vranesic M et al (2008) Positron emission tomographic studies of brain dopamine and serotonin transporters in abstinent (\u00b1)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (\u201cecstasy\u201d) users: relationship to cognitive performance. Psychopharmacology 200:439\u2013450","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"1221_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8417","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-20-08417.1998","volume":"18","author":"UD McCann","year":"1998","unstructured":"McCann UD, Wong DF, Yokoi F et al (1998) Reduced striatal dopamine transporter density in abstinent methamphetamine and methcathinone users: evidence from positron emission tomography studies with [11C]WIN-35,428. J Neurosci 18:8417\u20138422","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"1221_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.73.861.448-a","volume":"73","author":"MO McCarron","year":"1997","unstructured":"McCarron MO, Thomas AM (1997) Cannabis and alcohol in stroke. Postgrad Med J 73:448","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"1221_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000249180.61312.d3","volume":"67","author":"A McIntosh","year":"2006","unstructured":"McIntosh A, Hungs M, Kostanian V, Yu W (2006) Carotid artery dissection and middle cerebral artery stroke following methamphetamine use. Neurology 67:2259\u20132260","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1221_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(93)90178-G","volume":"34","author":"JH Meador-Woodruff","year":"1993","unstructured":"Meador-Woodruff JH, Little KY, Damask SP et al (1993) Effects of cocaine on dopamine receptor gene expression: a study in the postmortem human brain. Biol Psychiatry 34:348\u2013355","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1221_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2009.00166.x","volume":"14","author":"KL Medina","year":"2009","unstructured":"Medina KL, McQueeny T, Nagel BJ et al (2009) Prefrontal cortex morphometry in abstinent adolescent marijuana users: subtle gender effects. Addict Biol 14:457\u2013468","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"1221_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-010-9220-7","volume":"7","author":"CM Milroy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Milroy CM (2011) \u201cEcstasy\u201d associated deaths: what is a fatal concentration? Analysis of a case series. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 7:248\u2013252","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"key":"1221_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milroy CM (2012) The \u201cBath Salt\u201d Mephedrone\u2014a new(ish) kid on the block. Acad Forensic Pathol 250\u2013254","DOI":"10.23907\/2012.037"},{"key":"1221_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.49.2.149","volume":"49","author":"CM Milroy","year":"1996","unstructured":"Milroy CM, Clark JC, Forrest AR (1996) Pathology of deaths associated with \u201cecstasy\u201d and \u201ceve\u201d misuse. J Clin Pathol 49:149\u2013153","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"1221_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2010.03728.x","volume":"59","author":"CM Milroy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Milroy CM, Parai JL (2011) The histopathology of drugs of abuse. Histopathology 59:579\u2013593","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"1221_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.06.016","volume":"132","author":"K Miotto","year":"2013","unstructured":"Miotto K, Striebel J, Cho AK, Wang C (2013) Clinical and pharmacological aspects of bath salt use: a review of the literature and case reports. Drug Alcohol Depend 132:1\u201312","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"1221_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1622","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-3823","volume":"128","author":"A Mir","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mir A, Obafemi A, Young A, Kane C (2011) Myocardial infarction associated with use of the synthetic cannabinoid K2. Pediatrics 128:e1622\u2013e1627. doi: 10.1542\/peds.2010-3823","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"1221_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2805","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.23.2805","volume":"103","author":"MA Mittleman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mittleman MA, Lewis RA, Maclure M et al (2001) Triggering myocardial infarction by marijuana. Circulation 103:2805\u20132809","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1221_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.10165","volume":"67","author":"F Molina-Holgado","year":"2002","unstructured":"Molina-Holgado F, Molina-Holgado E, Guaza C, Rothwell NJ (2002) Role of CB1 and CB2 receptors in the inhibitory effects of cannabinoids on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide release in astrocyte cultures. J Neurosci Res 67:829\u2013836","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"1221_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61162-3","volume":"370","author":"THM Moore","year":"2007","unstructured":"Moore THM, Zammit S, Lingford-Hughes A et al (2007) Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: a systematic review. Lancet 370:319\u2013328","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1221_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.02.012","volume":"125","author":"L Moreno-L\u00f3pez","year":"2012","unstructured":"Moreno-L\u00f3pez L, Catena A, Fern\u00e1ndez-Serrano MJ et al (2012) Trait impulsivity and prefrontal gray matter reductions in cocaine dependent individuals. Drug Alcohol Depend 125:208\u2013214","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"1221_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/365061a0","volume":"365","author":"S Munro","year":"1993","unstructured":"Munro S, Thomas KL, Abu-Shaar M (1993) Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids. Nature 365:61\u201365","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1221_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03433.x","volume":"106","author":"H Nakama","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nakama H, Chang L, Fein G et al (2011) Methamphetamine users show greater than normal age-related cortical gray matter loss. Addiction 106:1474\u20131483","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"1221_CR141","unstructured":"National Institute on Drug Abuse N Costs of Substance Abuse. http:\/\/www.drugabuse.gov\/related-topics\/trends-statistics#costs )"},{"key":"1221_CR142","unstructured":"United Nations (2011) World drug report 2011. http:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/data-and-analysis\/WDR2011\/World_Drug_Report_2011_ebook.pdf"},{"key":"1221_CR143","unstructured":"United Nations (2013) World drug report 2013. http:\/\/www.unodc.org\/unodc\/secured\/wdr\/wdr2013\/World_Drug_Report_2013.pdf"},{"key":"1221_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.2000.00045.x","volume":"7","author":"J Neiman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Neiman J, Haapaniemi HM, Hillbom M (2000) Neurological complications of drug abuse: pathophysiological mechanisms. Eu J Neurol 7:595\u2013606","journal-title":"Eu J Neurol"},{"key":"1221_CR145","first-page":"1504","volume":"97","author":"CU Nnadi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nnadi CU, Mimiko OA, McCurtis HL, Cadet JL (2005) Neuropsychiatric effects of cocaine use disorders. J Natl Med Assoc 97:1504\u20131515","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"1221_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.5.1291","volume":"46","author":"KB Nolte","year":"1996","unstructured":"Nolte KB, Brass LM, Fletterick CF (1996) Intracranial hemorrhage associated with cocaine abuse: a prospective autopsy study. Neurology 46:1291\u20131296","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1221_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.175.2.186","volume":"175","author":"J Obrocki","year":"1999","unstructured":"Obrocki J, Buchert R, V\u00e4terlein O et al (1999) Ecstasy\u2014long-term effects on the human central nervous system revealed by positron emission tomography. Br J Psychiatry 175:186\u2013188","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1221_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1007\/s004010050478","volume":"91","author":"M Oehmichen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Oehmichen M, Meissner C, Reiter A, Birkholz M (1996) Neuropathology in non-human immunodeficiency virus-infected drug addicts: hypoxic brain damage after chronic intravenous drug abuse. Acta Neuropathol 91:642\u2013646","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"1221_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2007.07.021","volume":"63","author":"C Offiah","year":"2008","unstructured":"Offiah C, Hall E (2008) Heroin-induced leukoencephalopathy: characterization using MRI, diffusion-weighted imaging, and MR spectroscopy. Clin Radiol 63:146\u2013152","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"1221_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1177\/000331977702800704","volume":"28","author":"ER Olsen","year":"1977","unstructured":"Olsen ER (1977) Intracranial hemorrhage and amphetamine usage. Review of the effects of amphetamines on the central nervous system. Angiology 28:464\u2013471","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"1221_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199304000-00005","volume":"32","author":"NM Oyesiku","year":"1993","unstructured":"Oyesiku NM, Colohan AR, Barrow DL, Reisner A (1993) Cocaine-induced aneurysmal rupture: an emergent negative factor in the natural history of intracranial aneurysms? Neurosurgery 32:518\u2013525","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"1221_CR152","first-page":"105","volume":"60","author":"AC Parrott","year":"2000","unstructured":"Parrott AC, Sisk E, Turner JJ (2000) Psychobiological problems in heavy \u201cecstasy\u201d (MDMA) polydrug users. Drug Alcohol Depend 60:105\u2013110","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"1221_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parrott AC (2006) MDMA in humans: factors which affect the neuropsychobiological profiles of recreational ecstasy users, the integrative role of bioenergetic stress. J Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) 20:147\u201363","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881106063268"},{"key":"1221_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.3_Part_1.404","volume":"40","author":"A Pascual-Leone","year":"1990","unstructured":"Pascual-Leone A, Dhuna A, Altafullah I, Anderson DC (1990) Cocaine-induced seizures. Neurology 40:404\u2013407","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1221_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-4679(99)00009-8","volume":"17","author":"JA Perez","year":"1999","unstructured":"Perez JA, Arsura EL, Strategos S (1999) Methamphetamine-related stroke: four cases. J Emerg Med 17:469\u2013471","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"1221_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.3.2.143","volume":"3","author":"PL Peterson","year":"1991","unstructured":"Peterson PL, Roszler M, Jacobs I, Wilner HI (1991) Neurovascular complications of cocaine abuse. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 3:143\u2013149","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"1221_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4927(98)00028-6","volume":"83","author":"LM Pezawas","year":"1998","unstructured":"Pezawas LM, Fischer G, Diamant K et al (1998) Cerebral CT findings in male opioid-dependent patients: stereological, planimetric and linear measurements. Psychiatry Res 83:139\u2013147","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"1221_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e46599","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0046599","volume":"7","author":"M Raineri","year":"2012","unstructured":"Raineri M, Gonzalez B, Goitia B et al (2012) Modafinil abrogates methamphetamine-induced neuroinflammation and apoptotic effects in the mouse striatum. PLoS ONE 7:e46599","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1221_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reid AG, Daglish MRC, Kempton MJ et al (2008) Reduced thalamic grey matter volume in opioid dependence is influenced by degree of alcohol use: a voxel-based morphometry study. J Psychopharmacol 7\u201310","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881107080795"},{"key":"1221_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-008-1408-0","volume":"203","author":"PG Rendell","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rendell PG, Mazur M, Henry JD (2009) Prospective memory impairment in former users of methamphetamine. Psychopharmacology 203:609\u2013616","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"1221_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(01)00366-9","volume":"26","author":"L Reneman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Reneman L, Endert E, De Bruin K et al (2002) The acute and chronic effects of MDMA (\u201cecstasy\u201d) on cortical 5-HT2A receptors in rat and human brain. Neuropsychopharmacology 26:387\u2013396","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"1221_CR162","first-page":"3","volume":"49","author":"RW Richter","year":"1973","unstructured":"Richter RW, Pearson J, Bruun B et al (1973) Neurological complications of addiction to heroin. Bull N Y Acad Med 49:3\u201321","journal-title":"Bull N Y Acad Med"},{"key":"1221_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2820058","volume":"237","author":"MC Ritz","year":"1987","unstructured":"Ritz MC, Lamb RJ, Goldberg SR, Kuhar MJ (1987) Cocaine receptors on dopamine transporters are related to self-administration of cocaine. Science 237:1219\u20131223","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1221_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s004010050676","volume":"94","author":"N Rizzuto","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rizzuto N, Morbin M, Ferrari S et al (1997) Delayed spongiform leukoencephalopathy after heroin abuse. Acta Neuropathol 94:87\u201390","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"1221_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2396(199908)33:2<160::AID-SYN6>3.0.CO;2-S","volume":"33","author":"TE Robinson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Robinson TE, Kolb B (1999) Morphine alters the structure of neurons in the nucleus accumbens and neocortex of rats. Synapse 33:160\u2013162","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"1221_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2396(199707)26:3<317::AID-SYN12>3.0.CO;2-S","volume":"26","author":"J Romero","year":"1997","unstructured":"Romero J, Garcia-Palomero E, Berrendero F et al (1997) Atypical location of cannabinoid receptors in white matter areas during rat brain development. Synapse 26:317\u2013323","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"1221_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4927(96)02663-7","volume":"67","author":"JS Rose","year":"1996","unstructured":"Rose JS, Branchey M, Buydens-Branchey L et al (1996) Cerebral perfusion in early and late opiate withdrawal: a technetium-99m-HMPAO SPECT study. Psychiatry Res 67:39\u201347","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"1221_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.4.589","volume":"38","author":"JF Rothrock","year":"1988","unstructured":"Rothrock JF, Rubenstein R, Lyden PD (1988) Ischemic stroke associated with methamphetamine inhalation. Neurology 38:589\u2013592","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1221_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2004.047134","volume":"76","author":"A Ryan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ryan A, Molloy FM, Farrell MA, Hutchinson M (2005) Fatal toxic leukoencephalopathy: clinical, radiological, and necropsy findings in two patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 76:1014\u20131016","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"1221_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199601310-00032","volume":"7","author":"M Sastre","year":"1996","unstructured":"Sastre M, Ventayol P, Garc\u00eda-Sevilla JA (1996) Decreased density of I2-imidazoline receptors in the postmortem brain of heroin addicts. NeuroReport 7:509\u2013512","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"1221_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1373\/49.1.121","volume":"49","author":"RJF Schepers","year":"2003","unstructured":"Schepers RJF, Oyler JM, Joseph RE et al (2003) Methamphetamine and amphetamine pharmacokinetics in oral fluid and plasma after controlled oral methamphetamine administration to human volunteers. Clin Chem 49:121\u2013132","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"1221_CR172","first-page":"174","volume":"4","author":"D Schiffer","year":"1985","unstructured":"Schiffer D, Brignolio F, Giordana MT et al (1985) Spongiform encephalopathy in addicts inhaling pre-heated heroin. Clin Neuropathol 4:174\u2013180","journal-title":"Clin Neuropathol"},{"key":"1221_CR173","first-page":"827","volume":"18","author":"RM Schuster","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schuster RM, Crane NA, Mermelstein R, Gonzalez R (2012) The influence of inhibitory control and episodic memory on the risky sexual behavior of young adult cannabis users. JINS 18:827\u2013833","journal-title":"JINS"},{"key":"1221_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.01.056","volume":"50","author":"DL Schwartz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schwartz DL, Mitchell AD, Lahna DL, Luber HS, Huckans MS, Mitchell SHHW (2010) Global and local morphometric differences in recently abstinent methamphetamine-dependent individuals. Neuroimage 50:1392\u20131401","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1221_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-007-9031-0","volume":"17","author":"JC Scott","year":"2007","unstructured":"Scott JC, Woods SP, Matt GE et al (2007) Neurocognitive effects of methamphetamine: a critical review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychol Rev 17:275\u2013297","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"1221_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(97)00025-9","volume":"45","author":"DM Segal","year":"1997","unstructured":"Segal DM, Moraes CT, Mash DC (1997) Up-regulation of D3 dopamine receptor mRNA in the nucleus accumbens of human cocaine fatalities. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 45:335\u2013339","journal-title":"Brain Res Mol Brain Res"},{"key":"1221_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5756","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1179-08.2008","volume":"28","author":"Y Sekine","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sekine Y, Ouchi Y, Sugihara G et al (2008) Methamphetamine causes microglial activation in the brains of human abusers. J Neurosci 28:5756\u20135761","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"1221_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)90463-Y","volume":"338","author":"AP Sempere","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sempere AP, Posada I, Ramo C, Cabello A (1991) Spongiform leucoencephalopathy after inhaling heroin. Lancet 338:320","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1221_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64S","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.2002.tb06005.x","volume":"42","author":"S Sidney","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sidney S (2002) Cardiovascular consequences of marijuana use. J Clin Pharmacol 42:64S\u201370S","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"1221_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301346","volume":"32","author":"ME Sim","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sim ME, Lyoo IK, Streeter CC et al (2007) Cerebellar gray matter volume correlates with duration of cocaine use in cocaine-dependent subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology 32:2229\u20132237","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"1221_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.21962","volume":"35","author":"S Singla","year":"2012","unstructured":"Singla S, Sachdeva R, Mehta JL (2012) Cannabinoids and atherosclerotic coronary heart disease. Clin Cardiol 35:329\u2013335","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"key":"1221_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.10.040","volume":"143","author":"N Solowij","year":"2013","unstructured":"Solowij N, Walterfang M, Lubman DI et al (2013) Alteration to hippocampal shape in cannabis users with and without schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 143:179\u2013184","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"1221_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171100050X","volume":"41","author":"N Solowij","year":"2011","unstructured":"Solowij N, Y\u00fccel M, Respondek C et al (2011) Cerebellar white-matter changes in cannabis users with and without schizophrenia. Psychol Med 41:2349\u20132359","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"1221_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.58.6.756","volume":"58","author":"MV Squier","year":"1995","unstructured":"Squier MV, Jalloh S, Hilton-Jones D, Series H (1995) Death after ecstasy ingestion: neuropathological findings. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 58:756","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"1221_CR185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8225","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-21-08225.1997","volume":"17","author":"JK Staley","year":"1997","unstructured":"Staley JK, Rothman RB, Rice KC et al (1997) Kappa2 opioid receptors in limbic areas of the human brain are upregulated by cocaine in fatal overdose victims. J Neurosci 17:8225\u20138233","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"1221_CR186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(90)90339-H","volume":"5","author":"D Sulzer","year":"1990","unstructured":"Sulzer D, Rayport S (1990) Amphetamine and other psychostimulants reduce pH gradients in midbrain dopaminergic neurons and chromaffin granules: a mechanism of action. Neuron 5:797\u2013808","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1221_CR187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2005.04.003","volume":"75","author":"D Sulzer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sulzer D, Sonders MS, Poulsen NW, Galli A (2005) Mechanisms of neurotransmitter release by amphetamines: a review. Progr Neurobiol 75:406\u2013433","journal-title":"Progr Neurobiol"},{"key":"1221_CR188","first-page":"175","volume":"15","author":"TP Tan","year":"1994","unstructured":"Tan TP, Algra PR, Valk J, Wolters EC (1994) Toxic leukoencephalopathy after inhalation of poisoned heroin: MR findings. AJNR 15:175\u2013178","journal-title":"AJNR"},{"key":"1221_CR189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6028","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0713-04.2004","volume":"24","author":"PM Thompson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Thompson PM, Hayashi KM, Simon SL et al (2004) Structural abnormalities in the brains of human subjects who use methamphetamine. J Neurosci 24:6028\u20136036","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"1221_CR190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-009-1761-7","volume":"209","author":"MC Tobias","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tobias MC, O\u2019Neill J, Hudkins M et al (2010) White-matter abnormalities in brain during early abstinence from methamphetamine abuse. Psychopharmacology 209:13\u201324","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"1221_CR191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S133","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2008\/11\/S133","volume":"11","author":"AM Trescot","year":"2008","unstructured":"Trescot AM, Datta S, Lee M, Hansen H (2008) Opioid pharmacology. Pain Physician 11:S133\u2013S153","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"1221_CR192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.2174\/138920110791591481","volume":"11","author":"E Turillazzi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Turillazzi E, Riezzo I, Neri M et al (2010) MDMA toxicity and pathological consequences: a review about experimental data and autopsy findings. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 11:500\u2013509","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Biotechnol"},{"key":"1221_CR193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-8467(97)00088-7","volume":"99","author":"N Vila","year":"1997","unstructured":"Vila N, Chamorro A (1997) Ballistic movements due to ischemic infarcts after intravenous heroin overdose: report of two cases. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 99:259\u2013262","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"1221_CR194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.02.017","volume":"43","author":"GM Vilke","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vilke GM, DeBard ML, Chan TC et al (2012) Excited Delirium Syndrome (ExDS): defining based on a review of the literature. J Emerg Med 43:897\u2013905","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"1221_CR195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(88)90078-6","volume":"115","author":"R Virmani","year":"1988","unstructured":"Virmani R, Robinowitz M, Smialek JE, Smyth DF (1988) Cardiovascular effects of cocaine: an autopsy study of 40 patients. Am Heart J 115:1068\u20131076","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"1221_CR196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.3.377","volume":"158","author":"ND Volkow","year":"2001","unstructured":"Volkow ND, Chang L, Wang GJ et al (2001) Association of dopamine transporter reduction with psychomotor impairment in methamphetamine abusers. Am J Psychiatry 158:377\u2013382","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1221_CR197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.3.383","volume":"158","author":"ND Volkow","year":"2001","unstructured":"Volkow ND, Chang L, Wang GJ et al (2001) Higher cortical and lower subcortical metabolism in detoxified methamphetamine abusers. Am J Psychiatry 158:383\u2013389","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1221_CR198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010611-134625","volume":"52","author":"ND Volkow","year":"2012","unstructured":"Volkow ND, Wang G-J, Fowler JS, Tomasi D (2012) Addiction circuitry in the human brain. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 52:321\u2013336","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"1221_CR199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-119-3-199308010-00009","volume":"119","author":"EA Warner","year":"1993","unstructured":"Warner EA (1993) Cocaine abuse. Ann Int Med 119:226\u2013235","journal-title":"Ann Int Med"},{"key":"1221_CR200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1007\/s003300050467","volume":"8","author":"W Weber","year":"1998","unstructured":"Weber W, Henkes H, M\u00f6ller P et al (1998) Toxic spongiform leucoencephalopathy after inhaling heroin vapour. Eur Radiol 8:749\u2013755","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"1221_CR201","first-page":"123","volume":"53","author":"SR Weiss","year":"1970","unstructured":"Weiss SR, Raskind R, Morganstern NL et al (1970) Intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage following use of methamphetamine (\u201cspeed\u201d). Int Surg 53:123\u2013127","journal-title":"Int Surg"},{"key":"1221_CR202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0696-699","volume":"2","author":"JM Wilson","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wilson JM, Kalasinsky KS, Levey AI et al (1996) Striatal dopamine nerve terminal markers in human, chronic methamphetamine users. Nat Med 2:699\u2013703","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"1221_CR203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.112.671347","volume":"44","author":"V Wolff","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wolff V, Armspach J-P, Lauer V et al (2013) Cannabis-related Stroke: myth or reality? Stroke 44:558\u2013563","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1221_CR204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.610915","volume":"42","author":"V Wolff","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wolff V, Lauer V, Rouyer O et al (2011) Cannabis use, ischemic stroke, and multifocal intracranial vasoconstriction: a prospective study in 48 consecutive young patients. Stroke 42:1778\u20131780","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1221_CR205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)90101-5","volume":"2","author":"EC Wolters","year":"1982","unstructured":"Wolters EC, Van Wijngaarden GK, Stam FC et al (1982) Leucoencephalopathy after inhaling \u201cheroin\u201d pyrolysate. Lancet 2:1233\u20131237","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1221_CR206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2010.092288","volume":"28","author":"DM Wood","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wood DM, Greene SL, Dargan PI (2011) Clinical pattern of toxicity associated with the novel synthetic cathinone mephedrone. EMJ 28:280\u2013282","journal-title":"EMJ"},{"key":"1221_CR207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2874","volume":"14","author":"Z-X Xi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Xi Z-X, Peng X-Q, Li X et al (2011) Brain cannabinoid CB2 receptors modulate cocaine\u2019s actions in mice. Nat Neurosci 14:1160\u20131166","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"1221_CR208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2010.25","volume":"35","author":"J Xu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Xu J, DeVito EE, Worhunsky PD et al (2010) White matter integrity is associated with treatment outcome measures in cocaine dependence. Neuropsychopharmacology 35:1541\u20131549","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1221_CR209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1159\/000117002","volume":"34","author":"DJ Yen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Yen DJ, Wang SJ, Ju TH, Chen CC, Liao KK, Fuh JL, Hu HH (1994) Stroke associated with methamphetamine inhalation. Eur Neurol 34(1):16\u201322","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"1221_CR210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.65.6.694","volume":"65","author":"M Y\u00fccel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Y\u00fccel M, Solowij N, Respondek C et al (2008) Regional brain abnormalities associated with long-term heavy cannabis use. Arch Gen Psychiatry 65:694\u2013701","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"1221_CR211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.22.3.406","volume":"22","author":"SB Zachariah","year":"1991","unstructured":"Zachariah SB (1991) Stroke after heavy marijuana smoking. Stroke 22:406\u2013409","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1221_CR212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws136","volume":"135","author":"A Zalesky","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zalesky A, Solowij N, Y\u00fccel M et al (2012) Effect of long-term cannabis use on axonal fibre connectivity. Brain 135:2245\u20132255","journal-title":"Brain"}],"container-title":["Acta Neuropathologica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00401-013-1221-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00401-013-1221-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00401-013-1221-7","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T20:07:34Z","timestamp":1746043654000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00401-013-1221-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,29]]},"references-count":212,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]}},"alternative-id":["1221"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-013-1221-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-6322","1432-0533"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-6322","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0533","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,29]]}}}