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Here, we generated an artificial intelligence-based algorithm to quantify tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive sympathetic distal axons at the myocardial level. This novel tool was applied to septal samples of the Vantaa 85\u2009+\u2009study (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009138), which is a population-based autopsy study representing all subjects aged 85\u00a0years or older living in the city of Vantaa (southern Finland) in 1991. In addition, the tool was applied to left ventricle samples of the Helsinki Biobank (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200987) and the forensic Tampere Sudden Death Study (TSDS, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009127). The level of myocardial TH reactivity was compared between subjects with and without Lewy pathology in the central nervous system in all datasets. In the Vantaa 85\u2009+\u2009study, TH reactivity was also compared between subjects with caudo-rostral and amygdala-based subtypes, and potential confounding factors (age at death, sex, myocardial infarction, senile systemic amyloidosis, and diabetes medication) were controlled for using multiple linear regression models. Presence of Lewy pathology was strongly associated with loss of TH reactivity at the myocardial level in all three autopsy cohorts (Vantaa 85\u2009+\u2009<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001, Helsinki Biobank <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001, TSDS <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001)). In the Vantaa 85\u2009+\u2009study, the caudo-rostral subtype (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), but not the amygdala-based subtype (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.60), was associated with myocardial denervation\/dysfunction, and this association was independent of other known causes of sympathetic denervation\/dysfunction. Caudo-rostral subtype and myocardial infarction were the strongest predictors of myocardial sympathetic denervation\/dysfunction in the oldest-old population (Vantaa 85\u2009+). In conclusion, our results show that Lewy pathology in the central nervous system, and particularly its caudo-rostral subtype, is strongly associated with loss of sympathetic distal axons at the myocardial level. We also provide evidence that the caudo-rostral subtype is one of the strongest predictors of myocardial sympathetic denervation\/dysfunction in the oldest-old population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-025-02918-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T11:39:23Z","timestamp":1754048363000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Myocardial sympathetic distal axon loss in subjects with Lewy pathology in three autopsy cohorts"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"150","author":[{"given":"Ville","family":"Kivist\u00f6","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Englert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jarno","family":"Tuimala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eloise","family":"Kok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henri","family":"Puttonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Raunio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pekka J.","family":"Karhunen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria K.","family":"Lehtinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per","family":"Borghammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ella","family":"Ahvenainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kia","family":"Colangelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Savola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maarit","family":"Tanskanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karri","family":"Kaivola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pentti J.","family":"Tienari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darshan","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Paetau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olli","family":"Tynninen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikko I.","family":"M\u00e4yr\u00e4np\u00e4\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuomo","family":"Polvikoski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liisa","family":"Myllykangas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2918_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1750-3639.2005.TB00097.X","volume":"15","author":"T Amino","year":"2006","unstructured":"Amino T, Orimo S, Itoh Y, Takahashi A, Uchihara T, Mizusawa H (2006) Profound cardiac sympathetic denervation occurs in Parkinson disease. 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