{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T10:19:32Z","timestamp":1783592372099,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,26]],"date-time":"2022-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645833600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,26]],"date-time":"2022-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>While conservative management is commonly promoted for simple elbow dislocations, the importance of primary surgical treatment in these injuries is still undetermined. The objective of this study was to report patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), return to sports (RTS) and joint stability using ultrasound in patients following conservative or surgical treatment after simple elbow dislocation.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Patients with a minimum follow-up of 24 months after conservative (CT) or surgical treatment (ST) following simple elbow dislocation were included in this retrospective study. To evaluate patients\u2019 postoperative outcome and satisfaction, the Elbow Self-Assessment Score (ESAS) was used, and validated scores such as the Mayo elbow performance score (MEPS), the Quick Disability of Arm and Shoulder Score (Quick-DASH) and RTS were assessed. For objective assessment of residual joint instability, a standardized clinical examination as well as a dynamic ultrasound evaluation of the affected and the contralateral elbow was performed.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Forty-four patients (26 women, 18 men) with an average age of 41.5\u2009\u00b1\u200915.3\u00a0years were available for follow-up survey (65.5\u2009\u00b1\u200930.4\u00a0months; range 26\u2013123). 21 patients were treated conservatively and twenty-three patients received surgical treatment. CT and ST resulted in similar outcome with regard to ROM, ESAS (CT: 99.4\u2009\u00b1\u20091.5; ST: 99.8\u2009\u00b1\u20090.3), MEPS (CT: 97.3\u2009\u00b1\u20096.8 points; ST: 98.7\u2009\u00b1\u20093.3) and Quick-DASH (CT: 7.8\u2009\u00b1\u200910.4; ST: 6.3\u2009\u00b1\u20097.9) (n.s.). There was no difference in elbow stability and laxity measured by ultrasound between the study groups and compared to the healthy elbow (n.s.). Two patients of the CT group (10%) complained about persistent subjective elbow instability. RTS was faster after surgical compared to conservative treatment (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.036).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Both, conservative and surgical treatment results in high patient satisfaction and good-to-excellent functional outcome after simple elbow dislocation. Even though ultrasound evaluation showed no significant differences in joint gapping between groups, 10% of conservatively treated patients complained about severe subjective instability. Surgically treated patients returned faster to their preoperatively performed sports. Thus, primary surgical treatment may be beneficial for high demanding patients.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Level of evidence<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Therapeutic study, Level III.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-022-04383-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,26]],"date-time":"2022-02-26T18:02:21Z","timestamp":1645898541000},"page":"1481-1489","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Patient satisfaction, joint stability and return to sports following simple elbow dislocations: surgical versus non-surgical treatment"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"143","author":[{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Geyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucca","family":"Lacheta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse","family":"Seilern und Aspang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Willinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia M.","family":"Lutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Lappen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas B.","family":"Imhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Siebenlist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"4383_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.J.00860","volume":"93","author":"REMS Anakwe","year":"2011","unstructured":"Anakwe REMS, Jenkins PJ, McQueen MM, Court-Brown CM (2011) Patient-reported outcomes after simple dislocation of the elbow. J Bone Joint Surg Am 93:1220\u20131226","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"4383_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2230","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-015-3647-z","volume":"25","author":"M Beirer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Beirer M, Friese H, Lenich A, Cronlein M, Sandmann GH, Biberthaler P et al (2017) The Elbow Self-Assessment Score (ESAS): development and validation of a new patient-reported outcome measurement tool for elbow disorders. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 25:2230\u20132236","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"key":"4383_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s11678-018-0468-y","volume":"13","author":"M Beirer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Beirer M, Willinger L, Laccheta L, Buchholz A, Lenich A, Imhoff AB et al (2018) Subjektives und funktionelles Outcome nach akut-ligament\u00e4rer Ellenbogenluxation. Obere Extremit\u00e4t 13:197\u2013203","journal-title":"Obere Extremit\u00e4t"},{"key":"4383_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2014.02.011","volume":"39","author":"A Daluiski","year":"2014","unstructured":"Daluiski A, Schrumpf MA, Schreiber JJ, Nguyen JT, Hotchkiss RN (2014) Direct repair for managing acute and chronic lateral ulnar collateral ligament disruptions. J Hand Surg Am 39:1125\u20131129","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"4383_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-11-263","volume":"11","author":"J de Haan","year":"2010","unstructured":"de Haan J, den Hartog D, Tuinebreijer WE, Iordens GI, Breederveld RS, Bronkhorst MW et al (2010) Functional treatment versus plaster for simple elbow dislocations (FuncSiE): a randomized trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 11:263","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"4383_CR6","first-page":"311","volume":"112","author":"M Hackl","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hackl M, Beyer F, Wegmann K, Leschinger T, Burkhart KJ, Muller LP (2015) The treatment of simple elbow dislocation in adults. Dtsch Arztebl Int 112:311\u2013319","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"4383_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.4055\/cios.2015.7.2.241","volume":"7","author":"YM Heo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Heo YM, Yi JW, Lee JB, Lee DH, Park WK, Kim SJ (2015) Unstable simple elbow dislocation treated with the repair of lateral collateral ligament complex. Clin Orthop Surg 7:241\u2013247","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Surg"},{"key":"4383_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.91B11.21957","volume":"91","author":"P Herbertsson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Herbertsson P, Hasserius R, Josefsson PO, Besjakov J, Nyquist F, Nordqvist A et al (2009) Mason type IV fractures of the elbow: a 14- to 46-year follow-up study. J Bone Joint Surg Br 91:1499\u20131504","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"4383_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094704","volume":"51","author":"GI Iordens","year":"2017","unstructured":"Iordens GI, Van Lieshout EM, Schep NW, De Haan J, Tuinebreijer WE, Eygendaal D et al (2017) Early mobilisation versus plaster immobilisation of simple elbow dislocations: results of the FuncSiE multicentre randomised clinical trial. Br J Sports Med 51:531\u2013538","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"4383_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198769040-00018","volume":"69","author":"PO Josefsson","year":"1987","unstructured":"Josefsson PO, Gentz CF, Johnell O, Wendeberg B (1987) Surgical versus non-surgical treatment of ligamentous injuries following dislocation of the elbow joint. A prospective randomized study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 69:605\u2013608","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"4383_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198466060-00014","volume":"66","author":"PO Josefsson","year":"1984","unstructured":"Josefsson PO, Johnell O, Gentz CF (1984) Long-term sequelae of simple dislocation of the elbow. J Bone Joint Surg Am 66:927\u2013930","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"4383_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2298","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-016-4176-0","volume":"25","author":"M Kerschbaum","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kerschbaum M, Thiele K, Scheibel M, Gerhardt C (2017) Residual increased valgus stress angulation and posterolateral rotatory translation after simple elbow dislocation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 25:2298\u20132303","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"key":"4383_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ortho.IJOrtho_578_16584-589","author":"M Krticka","year":"2018","unstructured":"Krticka M, Ira D, Flek M, Svancara J, Pikula R (2018) A comparative study of conservative functional treatment versus acute ligamentous repair in simple dislocation of the elbow in adults. Indian J Orthop. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ortho.IJOrtho_578_16584-589","journal-title":"Indian J Orthop"},{"key":"4383_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2007.02.040","volume":"38","author":"SN Maripuri","year":"2007","unstructured":"Maripuri SN, Debnath UK, Rao P, Mohanty K (2007) Simple elbow dislocation among adults: a comparative study of two different methods of treatment. Injury 38:1254\u20131258","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"4383_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198870020-00013","volume":"70","author":"TL Mehlhoff","year":"1988","unstructured":"Mehlhoff TL, Noble PC, Bennett JB, Tullos HS (1988) Simple dislocation of the elbow in the adult. Results after closed treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Am 70:244\u2013249","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"4383_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2015.02.009","volume":"46","author":"CS Modi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Modi CS, Wasserstein D, Mayne IP, Henry PD, Mahomed N, Veillette CJ (2015) The frequency and risk factors for subsequent surgery after a simple elbow dislocation. Injury 46:1156\u20131160","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"4383_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199274080-00014","volume":"74","author":"BJODS Nestor","year":"1992","unstructured":"Nestor BJODS, Morrey BF (1992) Ligamentous reconstruction for posterolateral rotatory instability of the elbow. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 74:1235\u20131241","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg [Am]"},{"key":"4383_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2014.02.037","volume":"30","author":"MJ O'Brien","year":"2014","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien MJ, Lee Murphy R, Savoie FH 3rd (2014) A preliminary report of acute and subacute arthroscopic repair of the radial ulnohumeral ligament after elbow dislocation in the high-demand patient. Arthroscopy 30:679\u2013687","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"4383_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v6.i7.513","volume":"6","author":"M Panteli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Panteli M, Pountos I, Kanakaris NK, Tosounidis TH, Giannoudis PV (2015) Cost analysis and outcomes of simple elbow dislocations. World J Orthop 6:513\u2013520","journal-title":"World J Orthop"},{"key":"4383_CR20","first-page":"272","volume":"18","author":"M Rafai","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rafai M, Largab A, Cohen D, Trafeh M (1999) Pure posterior luxation of the elbow in adults: immobilization or early mobilization. A randomized prospective study of 50 cases. Chir Main 18:272\u2013278","journal-title":"Chir Main"},{"key":"4383_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-016-4100-7","volume":"25","author":"M Schnetzke","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schnetzke M, Aytac S, Keil H, Deuss M, Studier-Fischer S, Grutzner PA et al (2017) Unstable simple elbow dislocations: medium-term results after non-surgical and surgical treatment. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 25:2271\u20132279","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"key":"4383_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2014.11.016","volume":"40","author":"JJ Schreiber","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schreiber JJ, Paul S, Hotchkiss RN, Daluiski A (2015) Conservative management of elbow dislocations with an overhead motion protocol. J Hand Surg Am 40:515\u2013519","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"4383_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1007\/s10039-013-1987-9","volume":"17","author":"S Siebenlist","year":"2013","unstructured":"Siebenlist S, Biberthaler P (2013) Akute kapsel-band-verletzungen des ellenbogens. Trauma und Berufskrankheit 17:132\u2013139","journal-title":"Trauma und Berufskrankheit"},{"key":"4383_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.J.01663","volume":"94","author":"JW Stoneback","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stoneback JW, Owens BD, Sykes J, Athwal GS, Pointer L, Wolf JM (2012) Incidence of elbow dislocations in the United States population. J Bone Joint Surg Am 94:240\u2013245","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"4383_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd007908.pub2","author":"F Taylor","year":"2012","unstructured":"Taylor F, Sims M, Theis J-C, Herbison GP (2012) Interventions for treating acute elbow dislocations in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.cd007908.pub2","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"4383_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-019-03309-1","author":"EMM Van-Lieshout","year":"2019","unstructured":"Van-Lieshout EMM, Iordens GIT, Polinder S, Eygendaal D, Verhofstad MHJ, Schep NWL et al (2019) Early mobilization versus plaster immobilization of simple elbow dislocations: a cost analysis of the FuncSiE multicenter randomized clinical trial. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00402-019-03309-1","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"key":"4383_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s11678-020-00609-6","volume":"15","author":"J Willin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Willin J, Schmalzl J, Lehmann L, Gerhardt C (2020) Elbow stability after simple elbow dislocation. Obere Extremit\u00e4t 15:295\u2013300","journal-title":"Obere Extremit\u00e4t"}],"container-title":["Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00402-022-04383-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00402-022-04383-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00402-022-04383-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T16:09:39Z","timestamp":1677254979000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00402-022-04383-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,26]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["4383"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00402-022-04383-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1434-3916"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1434-3916","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 October 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 February 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 February 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Andreas B. Imhoff is a consultant for Arthrosurface and Medi Bayreuth and receives royalties from Arthrex and Arthrosurface. Sebastian Siebenlist is a consultant for Arthrex,\u00a0Medi Bayreuth, medartis AG\u00a0and KLS Martin Group.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Technical University of Munich (Nr.:65\/16s).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Verbal and written informed consent was obtained from each patient prior to participation.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}